| SESSION | FEB-MAR 2025 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA) |
| SEMESTER | 3 |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DITF301 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS |
Assignment Set – 1
Q1. a. Write a note on Data Abstraction.
- Explain the DBMS Components.
Ans 1.
- Data Abstraction in DBMS
Data abstraction is a critical concept in database management systems that allows the separation of data descriptions from the actual data stored in the database. It simplifies complex data by hiding unnecessary details from users and focuses only on essential aspects. This approach enhances usability and ensures that users can interact with the database without needing to understand all its internal structures.
Levels of Data Abstraction
Data abstraction in a DBMS is categorized into three primary levels: physical level, logical level, and view level. The physical level describes how data is physically stored in the
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Q2. a. Describe the Sequential File Organization.
- Write a note on Unique Indexes with their benefits and limitations.
Ans 2.
- Describe the Sequential File Organization
Sequential file organization is a traditional method where records are stored one after the other in a specific, sorted order—typically based on a primary key. This organization is simple and efficient for applications where data access follows a predictable, sequential pattern.
Structure and Working
In this method, when a file is created, records are arranged in ascending order of a particular key field. To access data, the system begins at the start of the file and reads through each
Q3. a. Discuss an overview Of Relational Query Optimization. 3
- Explain the Intersection (∩) operation. 4
- Write a short note on Domain Relational Calculus. 3
Ans 3.
- Discuss an Overview of Relational Query Optimization
Relational query optimization is a crucial aspect of database management systems that focuses on improving the efficiency of executing queries. The goal is to find the most efficient strategy or execution plan for a given high-level SQL query, considering factors such as computation time, disk I/O, and memory usage.
How Query Optimization Works
When a query is submitted to a DBMS, it goes through several internal stages before
Assignment Set – 2
Q4. a. Write a note on Categories of SQL Commands.
- Describe First Normalization.
Ans 4.
- Write a Note on Categories of SQL Commands
Overview of SQL Command Categories
Structured Query Language (SQL) commands are divided into several categories based on their purpose and function. These categories define how users interact with the database to perform tasks like creating tables, inserting records, updating data, and managing access.
Data Definition Language (DDL)
DDL commands are used to define and manage database schema objects. Common
Q5. a. Explain Transaction Processing.
- Discuss the Timestamp-Based Protocols.
- Describe the Types of Failures in Data Transactions.
Ans 5.
- Explain Transaction Processing
Transaction processing in database systems refers to the execution of a sequence of operations that perform a logical unit of work on the database. These operations are grouped as a transaction, which must either be fully completed or not executed at all to maintain data integrity. The concept is built on the ACID properties—Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability.
Importance of Transactions
Transactions are essential for ensuring that database operations are reliable and secure,
Q6. a. Explain the Functions of distributed database management system.
- Write a note on Object Oriented Data Model.
- Discuss the Database Security Common Threats and Challenges.
Ans 6.
- Explain the Functions of Distributed Database Management System
DDBMS Functions
A Distributed Database Management System (DDBMS) manages a database that is distributed across multiple locations or systems. Each site can process local queries independently while coordinating with others for global tasks.
Data Distribution and Transparency
DDBMS ensures data distribution transparency, allowing users to access data without needing to know where it is stored. It manages data fragmentation, replication, and allocation
| SESSION | FEB-MAR 2025 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA) |
| SEMESTER | III |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DITF302 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING |
Assignment Set – 1
Q1. Explain the concept of layered approach of Software Engineering. Illustrate the various process activities in detail. 4+6
Ans 1.
Layered Approach in Software Engineering
The layered approach in software engineering is a conceptual framework that emphasizes building software systematically by organizing activities into well-defined layers. This structure allows developers to understand, manage, and improve the software development process efficiently. Each layer represents a key aspect of software development, ensuring consistency, quality, and maintainability across the entire lifecycle.
Layers of Software Engineering
The layered technology approach in software engineering is generally composed of four
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Q2. Write a detailed note on phases of Project management. Discuss process and project metrics in detail. 5+5
Ans 2.
Phases of Project Management
Software project management involves planning, organizing, directing, and monitoring the software development process to achieve specific objectives. It can be divided into several structured phases, each with its specific goals and deliverables.
- Initiation Phase
In this phase, the project’s goals are defined, and its feasibility is evaluated. The project
Q3. Define SCM Process. Further to explain the tasks of SCM process. 1+9
Ans 3.
Definition of Software Configuration Management (SCM) Process
Software Configuration Management (SCM) is the discipline of tracking and controlling changes in the software throughout its development lifecycle. It ensures that software artifacts like code, documentation, and requirements are systematically managed, maintained, and traceable. SCM aims to prevent conflicts, maintain consistency, and ensure that every
Assignment Set – 2
- Describe Software Design. Illustrate the software design process stages and explain.
Ans 4.
Definition of Software Design
Software design is the process of translating software requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software system. It involves defining software architecture, components, interfaces, and data flow to guide programmers in developing the application. The goal is to create a plan that meets user needs, ensures performance, and supports maintainability.
Stages of the Software Design Process
- Requirement Analysis
Before beginning the design, the software requirements are analyzed thoroughly. This
Q5. Explain the concepts of White Box Testing with its components.
Ans 5.
Introduction to White Box Testing
White Box Testing, also known as structural testing or clear box testing, is a software testing technique in which the internal structure, design, and coding of the software are tested. The tester has full visibility into the source code and uses this information to design test cases. The goal is to ensure that internal operations perform according to the design specifications and that all internal components have been adequately tested.
Purpose and Importance
White Box Testing is mainly used by developers during unit testing phases. It ensures code
Q6. What is the purpose of the Capability Maturity Model (CMM)? Explain the levels of CMM in detail. 3+7
Ans 6.
Purpose of the Capability Maturity Model (CMM)
The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a development framework introduced by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at Carnegie Mellon University. It is used to assess and improve the maturity of software development processes within organizations. The primary purpose of CMM is to help organizations improve their software development quality, predictability, efficiency, and delivery time. It provides a structured approach to measure how well an organization manages its software projects and identifies areas for process
| SESSION | FEB-MAR 2025 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA) |
| SEMESTER | III |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DITF303 TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT |
Assignment Set – 1
Q1. Define Technology Forecasting. Explain the technology forecasting model and its importance 2+8
Ans 1.
Technology Forecasting
Technology forecasting refers to the process of predicting the future characteristics, capabilities, and impact of technologies over a specific period. It involves evaluating current trends, scientific breakthroughs, and innovation patterns to anticipate how technologies may evolve and influence businesses, industries, and society. The objective is to guide decision-making in research, development, investments, and policy-making.
Purpose of Technology Forecasting
The main aim of technology forecasting is to reduce uncertainty associated with
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Q2. Elucidate the five-process framework for Technology management.
Ans 2.
Technology Management Framework
Technology management is the structured approach to planning, developing, implementing, and evaluating technological resources to achieve strategic and operational goals. The five-process framework provides a comprehensive guide to manage technology effectively in any organization, ensuring that technology aligns with business needs.
- Identification
This process involves discovering and recognizing new or emerging technologies that may be beneficial or disruptive. It includes technology scouting, market intelligence, patent analysis,
Q3. Define Technology Acquisition. What are the reasons for obtaining new Technology? Explain any 2 biggest Technology Acquisitions in the recent past.
Ans 3.
Technology Acquisition
Technology acquisition refers to the process by which a company obtains new technological capabilities from external sources rather than developing them internally. This can include purchasing patents, licensing technologies, forming strategic alliances, or acquiring companies with desired technological assets. It enables organizations to quickly gain access to innovation, enhance competitiveness, and improve operational efficiency without investing excessive time or resources in in-house R&D.
Assignment Set – 2
Q4. What is Technology change? What are the different phases and types of technology change? Explain by taking an example
Ans 4.
Definition of Technology Change
Technology change refers to the transformation or evolution of tools, processes, or systems used in production, communication, or operations. It is driven by innovation, research, and development, and it significantly impacts productivity, efficiency, and business models. Technology change can be incremental or radical, depending on the scale and impact of the
Q5. Explain the process of selection and implementation of new technology with a neat block diagram
Ans 5.
Technology Selection and Implementation
The process of selecting and implementing new technology is a strategic activity that ensures an organization adopts the most suitable, efficient, and value-adding solution to improve its operations, products, or services. This process involves several structured phases that help in identifying the right technology, assessing its feasibility, planning integration, and monitoring its adoption.
Phases of Technology Selection and Implementation
- Identification of Need
The process starts with recognizing the need for a new technology due to market competition,
from adopting new technology.
Q6. List and explain different modes and different ways of Technology Transfer. Explain each one taking a relevant example
Ans 6.
Technology Transfer
Technology transfer refers to the process by which knowledge, innovations, skills, and technological capabilities are passed from one organization, country, or individual to another for practical use or commercialization. This can happen through various modes and ways, depending on the nature of the technology and the parties involved.
Different Modes of Technology Transfer
- Vertical Technology Transfer
| SESSION | FEB-MAR 2025 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA) |
| SEMESTER | III |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DITF304 BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE AND TOOLS |
Assignment Set – 1
Q1. What is meant by “Business Intelligence,” and in what ways does it contribute to improved decision-making within organizations? Provide examples demonstrating the use of Business Intelligence tools across different industries. 6+4
Ans 1.
Understanding Business Intelligence and Its Role in Decision-Making
Business Intelligence (BI)
Business Intelligence (BI) refers to the processes, technologies, and tools used to collect, analyze, and present business data. The main objective of BI is to support better decision-making by transforming raw data into meaningful and useful insights. BI involves data mining, analytical processing, querying, and reporting. It helps organizations identify trends, detect inefficiencies, and gain a competitive advantage in their respective industries.
Contribution of BI to Decision-Making
BI systems enhance decision-making by offering real-time and historical views of business
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Q2. How can Power BI be used to convert raw data into meaningful visual insights? Outline the process, including data import, transformation, visualization, and report sharing, and provide a practical example of how Power BI can be applied in a business scenario. 5+5
Ans 2.
Power BI and Its Utility
Power BI is a powerful business analytics tool developed by Microsoft that transforms raw data into meaningful visual reports and dashboards. It enables organizations to analyze and share insights across departments and devices. The tool supports data integration from various sources, making it an essential platform for modern business intelligence needs.
Steps in Power BI: From Data Import to Report Sharing
The Power BI process begins with data import, where users connect to diverse sources such
Q3. Describe the fundamental concepts of data mining, including its advantages and disadvantages. Share examples where data mining techniques have been successfully applied across various industries. 6+4
Ans 3.
Data Mining
Data mining is a process that involves extracting meaningful patterns, trends, and knowledge from large sets of data using various statistical, mathematical, and machine learning techniques. It is a core component of knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) and plays a pivotal role in business intelligence by revealing hidden correlations and customer behaviors that are not immediately obvious through traditional analytics.
Advantages of Data Mining
One of the key advantages of data mining is its ability to handle and analyze massive
Assignment Set – 2
Q4. Describe the different types of business models utilized in data warehousing, and provide examples of industries or use cases where each model is commonly applied. 10
Ans 4.
Understanding Business Models in Data Warehousing
Data warehousing involves the consolidation and storage of large volumes of structured data from multiple sources into a central repository to support analysis and decision-making. Different business models in data warehousing define how this data is structured, accessed, and used within an organization. The choice of model impacts performance, scalability, and application.
Enterprise Data Warehouse (EDW) Model
The Enterprise Data Warehouse model integrates data across all departments of an
Q5. Explain the importance of identifying data sources during the data extraction process. How does ensuring accurate and reliable data extraction enhance decision-making and support effective data analysis? 5+5
Ans 5.
Significance of Identifying Data Sources in the Extraction Process
Identifying the correct data sources is a critical first step in the data extraction process. Data sources are the origins of raw data and may include transactional databases, enterprise applications, spreadsheets, cloud services, and web APIs. Understanding the nature, structure, and relevance of these sources ensures that only meaningful and required data is extracted, which directly affects the quality of further analysis.
Different departments may use distinct systems for recording data—such as CRM tools in sales, ERP systems in operations, and HRMS platforms in human resources. Recognizing
Q6. Identify and discuss the key strategies for developing a Business Intelligence (BI) solution. How does a well-defined strategy and roadmap influence the success of a BI initiative? 5+5
Ans 6.
Key Strategies for Developing a Business Intelligence Solution
Defining Clear Objectives
Developing an effective Business Intelligence (BI) solution requires a structured approach that aligns technology with business goals. The first strategy is defining clear objectives. Organizations must determine what they want to achieve with BI—whether it’s tracking KPIs, enhancing customer insights, or optimizing operations. Without clear objectives, BI