MUJ ASSIGNMENT MBA 4 SEM SAMPLE

MUJ ASSIGNMENT

MBA 4 SEM SAMPLE

SESSION
FEB- MARCH 2025
PROGRAM
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER
4
COURSE CODE & NAME DFIN401
INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT

Assignment Set – 1

Q1. Explain various derivative instruments traded in the Foreign Exchange market.
Ans 1.
Forex Derivatives
The foreign exchange (forex) market is one of the largest and most liquid financial markets
globally. It facilitates the trading of currencies between participants across borders. Derivative
instruments in the forex market are primarily used for hedging, speculation, and arbitrage
purposes. These instruments derive their value from underlying currency exchange rates and
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Q2. Describe the components of the Balance of Payments.
10

Ans 2.
Balance of Payments (BoP)
The Balance of Payments (BoP) is a comprehensive record of all economic transactions
between the residents of a country and the rest of the world over a specific period, usually a
year or quarter. It helps assess a country’s economic strength, currency stability, and
international financial position. The BoP is divided into distinct components that reflect trade,
investment, and financial flows.
Current Account
The current account records the flow of goods, services, income, and current transfers. It is

Q3. Write Short notes on:
i) Interest rate parity
ii) Forward-to-forward contracts 5+5

Ans 3.
(i). Interest Rate Parity (IRP)
Interest Rate Parity (IRP) is a fundamental principle in international finance that explains the
relationship between interest rates and exchange rates. It forms the theoretical foundation for

the pricing of forward exchange rates and ensures that there are no arbitrage opportunities in
the foreign exchange markets.
Concept of IRP
The Interest Rate Parity theory states that the difference in interest rates between two countries

Assignment Set – 2

Q4. “Factoring is an efficient financing technique.” Comment. 10

Ans 4.
Factoring
Factoring is a short-term financing technique in which a business sells its accounts receivable
(invoices) to a third party (called a factor) at a discount in exchange for immediate cash. It is
an important tool for improving liquidity and managing working capital, especially for small
and medium enterprises (SMEs).
How Factoring Works
When a business issues an invoice to a customer with a payment term of 30–90 days, it may

Q5. What aggressive and defensive approaches can a firm use in hedging? 10

Ans 5.
Hedging Approaches
Hedging is a financial strategy used by firms to minimize or eliminate the risk of adverse price
or currency movements. In international financial management, hedging is vital for managing
exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations. Firms typically adopt either aggressive or defensive
hedging strategies depending on their risk appetite, financial goals, and market conditions.

Aggressive Hedging Approach
An aggressive hedging approach involves selectively or partially hedging foreign exchange

Q6. Define cross-border acquisition and discuss its effects.
2+8

Ans 6.
Definition of Cross-Border Acquisition
A cross-border acquisition refers to a business transaction in which a company from one
country acquires a controlling interest in a company located in another country. It is a strategic
tool used by firms to expand their global footprint, access new markets, gain technological
know-how, or achieve economies of scale.
In this process, the acquiring firm takes over the assets, operations, and management of the

SESSION
FEB MARCH 2025
PROGRAM
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(MBA)
SEMESTER
4
COURSE CODE & NAME DFIN403 MERCHANT BANKING AND
FINANCIAL SERVICES

Assignment Set – 1

Q1. What are the pre-issue obligations of merchant bankers as per SEBI?

Ans 1.
Pre-Issue Obligations of Merchant Bankers as per SEBI
Merchant bankers play a crucial role in the primary securities market by assisting companies
in raising capital through public issues. To protect investor interests and ensure transparency,
the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has laid down comprehensive guidelines
concerning the pre-issue obligations of merchant bankers. These obligations are mandatory and
are aimed at enhancing the efficiency and integrity of the capital market.
Due Diligence and Verification of Documents
One of the primary responsibilities of merchant bankers is to conduct thorough due diligence
of the issuing company. This involves a detailed examination of the company’s legal, financial,
and business records to ensure that all disclosures made in the offer document are accurate and

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Q2. Discuss in detail the process of dematerialisation and re-materialisation. 5+5

Ans 2.
Dematerialisation and Re-materialisation
Dematerialisation and re-materialisation are critical processes in modern securities trading,
allowing investors to convert physical shares into electronic format and vice versa. These
processes ensure the safe, secure, and efficient handling of securities, minimizing the risks
associated with physical certificates. The National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) and
Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL) are the two major depositories in India that

Q3. Define the concept of merchant banking along with the functions performed by a
merchant banker. 3+7

Ans 3.
Merchant Banking and Functions of a Merchant Banker
Merchant banking is a blend of financial advisory services and fundraising activities offered
primarily to corporate clients. As per SEBI, a merchant banker is a person or an institution

engaged in the business of issue management, either by making arrangements for the selling,
buying, or subscribing of securities, or by acting as manager, consultant, or advisor. Unlike
commercial banks, merchant bankers do not provide loans or accept deposits; rather, they act
as intermediaries in capital markets, facilitating services such as public offerings, underwriting,

Assignment Set – 2

4. Write and discuss different credit rating agencies in India. 10

Ans 4.
Credit Rating Agencies
Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) are institutions that assess and assign ratings to companies,
financial instruments, or debt obligations based on their creditworthiness. These ratings reflect
the borrower’s ability to meet debt obligations and help investors make informed decisions. In
India, credit rating agencies operate under the regulatory oversight of the Securities and
Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and play a significant role in maintaining transparency and s

Q5. What do you mean by mergers and acquisitions (M&A)? What are the key reasons
companies merge with or acquire other businesses? 3+7

Ans 5.
Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A)
Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) are strategic financial activities undertaken by companies to
enhance their competitiveness, market share, and financial performance. A merger occurs when
two or more companies combine to form a new entity, usually with the goal of synergizing
their operations. In contrast, an acquisition involves one company purchasing a controlling
stake or the entire operations of another company. In both cases, the primary objective is to

generate value for shareholders, gain strategic advantages, or eliminate competition. M&As
are commonly seen in both domestic and international markets, often regulated by legal and

Q6. Write a Note on:
a. Advantages of Leasing
b . Types of factoring contracts 5+5
Ans 6.
a. Advantages of Leasing
Preservation of Working Capital
One of the most significant advantages of leasing is that it allows businesses to use high-value
assets without the need for large upfront capital investments. Instead of buying machinery,
equipment, or property, firms can lease them and conserve their cash flow for operational
needs. This becomes especially useful for startups and small businesses facing liquidity
constraints.
Improved Cash Flow and Budgeting
Leasing agreements typically involve fixed, periodic payments which help businesses plan
their finances more effectively. Predictable costs allow for better budgeting and reduce the

SESSION
FEB-MAR 2025
PROGRAM
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER
IV
COURSE CODE & NAME DFIN404 INSURANCE AND RISK MANAGEMENT

Assignment Set – 1

Q1. Write a short note on the general structure of the Insurance market. 10

Ans 1.
Insurance Market Structure
The insurance market is a crucial component of the financial system, offering risk transfer
mechanisms and financial protection to individuals, businesses, and governments. The
structure of the insurance market is designed to support a wide variety of insurance needs
through a network of players, regulatory frameworks, and service models. The structure
ensures that risk is managed efficiently, claims are processed fairly, and policies are
underwritten with due diligence.
Classification of the Insurance Market
The insurance market can broadly be divided into two major segments: life insurance and
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Q2. Reforms in the Indian Insurance Industry
Ans 2.
Insurance Sector Reforms
The Indian insurance industry has undergone significant reforms since the 1990s, transitioning
from a state-dominated setup to a competitive, private-sector-driven industry. These reforms
have been instrumental in expanding insurance penetration, introducing innovative products,
and ensuring better regulatory control. The aim of the reforms has been to make insurance more
accessible, customer-centric, and financially robust.
Liberalization and Privatization
The most significant reform came in 1999 with the establishment of the IRDAI, which allowed

Q3. What are the various financial factors that influence the functions of the insurance
industry?

Ans 3.
Financial Factors in Insurance
The insurance industry, like other financial services sectors, is highly influenced by a range of
financial factors. These factors determine not just the operational efficiency and solvency of
insurance companies but also their pricing strategies, risk management approaches, and ability
to fulfill policyholder claims. A stable financial foundation is essential for sustaining trust and
ensuring long-term growth in the sector.
Capital Adequacy and Solvency Margins
One of the most critical financial factors influencing insurers is capital adequacy. Insurance
companies must maintain sufficient capital reserves to cover claim liabilities and other
operational risks. Regulatory authorities like IRDAI mandate minimum solvency margins to

Assignment Set – 2

Q4. Explain in detail the Product development process in India’s Life and Non-Life
Insurance sectors. 10
Ans 4.
Product Development in Insurance
Product development is a critical function in both life and non-life insurance sectors, aimed at
creating innovative insurance solutions that meet the evolving needs of customers while
aligning with regulatory norms. The process involves several stages—right from market
research to regulatory approval and final launch. In India, this process is governed by IRDAI,

Q5. Write a short note on the objectives of claim management. 10

Ans 5.
Claim Management
Claim management is a vital function within the insurance industry that deals with handling
and processing of claims made by policyholders. It ensures that valid claims are settled
efficiently, fairly, and in accordance with the policy terms. An effective claim management
system builds customer trust, enhances insurer reputation, and ensures financial stability.
Ensuring Prompt and Fair Settlements
One of the primary objectives of claim management is to ensure timely and fair settlement of

Q6. Mention the types of Reinsurance in brief. 10
Ans 6.
Reinsurance
Reinsurance is the process through which insurance companies transfer a portion of their risk
portfolios to another insurer, called the reinsurer. This risk-sharing mechanism protects insurers
against significant losses, enhances capacity, and ensures financial stability. Various types of
reinsurance arrangements exist based on how the risks and premiums are shared.
Facultative Reinsurance
Facultative reinsurance is a type of reinsurance where each individual risk is offered separately
to the reinsurer. The reinsurer has the option to accept or reject the risk after evaluation. This

SESSION
FEB-MARCH 2025
PROGRAM
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(MBA)
SEMESTER
IV
COURSE CODE & NAME DIBM401 FOREIGN TRADE OF INDIA

Assignment Set – 1

Q1. Explain the scope of international trade. Elaborate Heckscher-Ohlin model of
international trade. 5 + 5
Ans 1.
Scope of International Trade
International trade plays a pivotal role in the global economy. It involves the exchange of goods
and services across national borders and is essential for countries to access resources,
technologies, and products that may not be available domestically. The scope of international
trade includes export and import of raw materials, capital goods, finished products, and
services. It also covers investment flows, technology transfer, and the movement of labor
across nations.
International trade contributes to economic growth by allowing countries to specialize in the
production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage. This
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Q2. Write short note on following:
a. India’s merchandise trade post 2000.
b. Composition of International trade.
Ans 2.
a. India’s Merchandise Trade Post 2000
India’s merchandise trade has undergone significant transformation since 2000 due to
liberalization, global integration, and reforms in trade policy. The country shifted from a
relatively closed economy to an increasingly export-oriented one, driven by competitiveness
and diversification of markets and products.
After 2000, India witnessed rapid growth in both exports and imports. Key export commodities
included petroleum products, engineering goods, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and gems &

Q3. Write a detail note on Institutional Framework for Export Promotion. 10
Ans 3.

Introduction to Export Promotion Framework in India
Export promotion plays a vital role in the economic development of any country, especially for
a developing economy like India. To ensure a coordinated and systematic approach toward
enhancing exports, the Government of India has established an elaborate institutional
framework. This framework consists of several ministries, export promotion councils,
regulatory bodies, and financial institutions that collectively support, regulate, and facilitate

Assignment Set – 2

Q4. What are Export Incentives and what are the benefits of it to Exporters. 5+5

Ans 4.
Meaning of Export Incentives
Export incentives are financial or non-financial benefits provided by the government to
encourage domestic producers to export their goods and services to international markets.
These incentives help exporters reduce the cost burden, increase competitiveness, and ensure
profitability in foreign trade. The primary objective of such incentives is to promote exports,
reduce the trade deficit, and earn valuable foreign exchange for the country.
Export incentives in India are governed mainly under the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) and are

Q5. Write notes on the following:
a. WTO & dispute settlement.
b. IPR
Ans 5.
a. WTO and Dispute Settlement
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a global institution established in 1995 to promote
free and fair trade between nations. It provides a legal and institutional framework to govern

international trade relations. The WTO aims to reduce trade barriers, settle disputes, and ensure
that trade flows smoothly, predictably, and freely. It currently has over 160 member countries,
including India.
One of the most critical functions of the WTO is its Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM),

Q6. Write notes on the following:
a. EOU scheme
b. SEZ and India
Ans 6.
a. Export Oriented Units (EOU) Scheme
The Export Oriented Units (EOU) Scheme was launched by the Indian government to promote
exports and generate foreign exchange. EOUs are industrial units that commit to exporting their
entire production of goods or services, except for a small permissible portion sold in the
domestic market under specific conditions. The scheme is especially relevant for sectors like
textiles, electronics, software, agro-products, and engineering.
EOUs can be established anywhere in the country and are governed by the Ministry of

SESSION
FEB MARCH 2025
PROGRAM
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER
IV
COURSE CODE & NAME DIBM402 GLOBAL LOGISTICS AND
DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT

Assignment Set – 1

Q1. a. What are the factors influencing the global trade environment? Explain any two
briefly
b. How does production dispersion strategy contribute to promoting global trade?
Explain briefly.
Ans 1.
a. Factors Influencing the Global Trade Environment
The global trade environment refers to the overall ecosystem of rules, policies, and conditions
under which international business takes place. Several dynamic factors shape and influence
this environment, determining the flow of goods, services, capital, and information across
borders. These factors can either facilitate or hinder trade activities depending on their nature
and impact.
One important factor is political stability and policy environment. Countries with stable
governments, transparent policies, and strong legal systems attract more international trade.
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Q2. a. What are the types of tunnels? Explain the key benefits of tunnels in supply chain
and logistics.
b. Modern shipping technology is a vital lifeline of global trade and connectivity. Justify.
Ans 2.
a. Types of Tunnels and Their Benefits in Supply Chain and Logistics
Tunnels play a strategic role in transportation logistics by providing direct and uninterrupted
routes through mountains, under rivers, or across dense urban areas. They facilitate the efficient
movement of goods and enhance supply chain resilience. Based on their purpose, tunnels can
be classified into several types:
1. Road Tunnels – Built for vehicular traffic, they reduce travel time and improve access
Modern shipping technologies enhance global connectivity, reduce supply chain
bottlenecks, and play an indispensable role in sustaining international commerce in
today’s highly integrated economy.

Q3. a. What is a charter agreement for shipping? Differentiate between voyage charter
and time charter agreements.
b. Explain the key components of the ocean liner contract system.
Ans 3.
a. What is a Charter Agreement for Shipping?
A charter agreement in shipping is a contract between a shipowner and a charterer (the party
hiring the vessel), under which the shipowner agrees to lease out their vessel for the
transportation of cargo. The agreement outlines the terms of usage, responsibilities, duration,
payment terms, and liabilities associated with the use of the ship.
Charter agreements are essential in bulk cargo transportation such as coal, iron ore, oil, or grain,

Assignment Set – 2

4. a. Explain the role of cargo insurance in international Air Transportation
b. Intermodal containers are essential in global logistics and supply chain management.
Justify.
Ans 4.
a. Role of Cargo Insurance in International Air Transportation
Cargo insurance plays a crucial role in protecting the value of goods being transported by air
across international borders. In air transportation, shipments are exposed to risks such as theft,
damage, misrouting, delays, or destruction due to accidents or natural disasters. Cargo
insurance helps mitigate these risks by providing financial compensation in case of loss or
damage.
Air cargo insurance is generally classified into all-risk and named perils coverage. All-risk

Q5.a. Explain various logistics intermediaries used in global logistics.
b. What are Automated Clearing House’s (ACH) features in Global Logistics?

Ans 5.
a. Various Logistics Intermediaries Used in Global Logistics
In global logistics, logistics intermediaries play a vital role in facilitating the movement,
storage, and delivery of goods across borders. These intermediaries bridge the gap between
shippers, carriers, and consignees by offering specialized services that enhance efficiency,
reduce risk, and improve supply chain coordination.
One of the most important intermediaries is the Freight Forwarder. A freight forwarder acts as

Q6. a. Explain the components of a Cargo insurance policy.
b. Explain the inventory holding costs in global sourcing.

Ans 6.
a. Components of a Cargo Insurance Policy
A cargo insurance policy provides financial protection against loss or damage to goods during
transit by air, sea, or land. It is crucial for exporters and importers in international trade, where
shipments are exposed to multiple risks across long distances and multiple handling points.
The first major component is the insured value, which typically includes the cost of goods,
freight charges, and an additional percentage (usually 10%) to cover potential profit loss. This

SESSION
FEB-MARCH 2025
PROGRAM
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER
IV
COURSE CODE &
NAME
DIBM403
INTERNATION
BUSINESS
ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

Assignment Set – 1

Q1. i. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) operate in diverse international markets using
different managerial orientations based on their global strategy and approach to foreign
operations. Identify and explain the five international business management orientations
– Ethnocentric, Polycentric, Regiocentric, Geocentric, and Ethical and Sustainable
Orientation. For each orientation, select one real-world MNC that represents that
approach and explain how and why the company follows it.
ii. Discuss how an MNC should analyze the international business environment before
entering India.

Ans 1.
i. Five International Business Management Orientations
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) adopt various managerial orientations to manage
operations across international markets. These orientations reflect how a company views and
manages its subsidiaries, workforce, and strategies across borders.
Ethnocentric Orientation
In this approach, the home country’s culture and practices dominate managerial decisions
globally. Headquarters retains tight control, and expatriates hold key positions.
Example: McDonald’s initially followed an ethnocentric approach by replicating its U.S.

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Q2. i. Identify at least two key Indian economic laws that a MNC must comply with and
explain their implications for business operations.
ii. Describe how international economic institutions and agreements influence India’s
trade and investment climate.
i. Key Indian Economic Laws MNCs Must Comply With
MNCs operating in India must adhere to multiple economic laws that regulate foreign
investment, trade, and business conduct. Two significant laws are:
1. Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999
FEMA governs all foreign exchange transactions and aims to facilitate external trade while
ensuring orderly development of the forex market. MNCs must comply with FEMA regulations
related to capital inflows, repatriation of profits, and cross-border mergers. Violations can lead
to penalties or restrictions on operations. For instance, remittance of royalty payments, import-

Q3. i. Discuss the role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Institutional
Investors (FII) in the economic growth of country (take any one country of your choice).
ii.A Japanese electronics company and an American distributor failed to reach an
agreement due to differences in their negotiation approaches. Analyze how
understanding the stages of the negotiation process could have helped avoid this
breakdown.
iii. A French wine company appoints a local agent in India to expand its market. Explain
the legal duties of the agent and the potential legal risks if the agent misrepresents the
product. How should these risks be addressed in a legal agreement? 3+3+4
Ans 3.
i. Role of FDI and FII in Economic Growth (India)
In India, both Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Institutional Investors (FII) play
vital roles in economic development. FDI involves long-term investment by a foreign entity in
India’s business sectors, often in the form of setting up factories, acquiring equity, or starting
joint ventures. It brings capital, technology, managerial expertise, and employment
opportunities, which directly contribute to GDP growth.
FIIs, on the other hand, invest in financial markets such as stocks and bonds. Though more

Assignment Set – 2

Q4. i. Ravi promises to sell his bike to Rohan for ₹50,000. Rohan agrees, but later Ravi
changes his mind without any reason. Based on the law of contract, explain whether a
valid contract existed between them. Which elements would you check to determine this?

ii. XYZ Ltd. is undergoing financial losses and is planning to shut down operations.
Briefly explain the winding-up process of a company under Indian corporate law. What
role does the tribunal or liquidator play in this process?
Ans 4.
i. Validity of Contract Between Ravi and Rohan
Under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a contract is a legally enforceable agreement formed by
free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and lawful object. In
the case between Ravi and Rohan, the primary question is whether a valid contract was
established between them.
Ravi made an offer to sell his bike to Rohan for ₹50,000, which Rohan accepted. This situation

Q5.i. A shipment of electronics is delayed at an Indian port due to missing export
documentation. Discuss the importance of accurate documentation in international trade
and name any three critical documents required for successful customs clearance.
ii. A trader agrees to sell 500 bags of rice to a retailer but only delivers 300 bags. The
retailer refuses to pay until full delivery is made. Based on the performance of contract
of sale, discuss the rights of the buyer and obligations of the seller in this situation.
Ans 5.
i. Importance of Accurate Documentation in International Trade
In international trade, accurate documentation is crucial for smooth execution of transactions,
compliance with legal requirements, and clearance of goods at ports. Missing or incorrect
documents can lead to delays, penalties, confiscation, or rejection of shipments, causing both
financial and reputational losses.
In the scenario where a shipment of electronics is delayed at an Indian port due to missing

Q6. i. Explain any three essential documents used in international trade transactions.

ii. What is the meaning of sharing of tax revenues in the context of cross-border
transactions?
iii. Describe the role of the WTO dispute settlement machinery in resolving trade
conflicts. 3+2+5

Ans 6.
i. Three Essential Documents in International Trade
1. Commercial Invoice: This is a primary document prepared by the exporter detailing the
transaction, including product description, quantity, price, payment terms, and
exporter/importer details. It is used for customs clearance and tax calculations.
2. Certificate of Origin: This document certifies the country where the goods were produced.
It is required to determine the applicability of trade agreements, preferential duty rates, or quota

SESSION
FEB- MARCH 2025
PROGRAM
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(MBA)
SEMESTER
4
COURSE CODE & NAME DIBM404 EXPORT IMPORT FINANCE

Assignment Set – 1

Q1. Explain the concept of Pre-shipment finance and highlight the main advantages of
pre-shipment financing for exporters. 2+8
Ans 1.
Understanding the Concept of Pre-Shipment Finance
Pre-shipment finance refers to the short-term credit or working capital provided to exporters
for financing the purchase, processing, packing, and shipment of goods prior to the actual
export. It is extended by commercial banks and financial institutions to enable exporters to
meet production and operational expenses before goods are shipped to the overseas buyer.
The purpose of pre-shipment finance is to bridge the funding gap between the placement of the
export order and the realization of payment. It helps exporters procure raw materials, pay for
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Q2. What is interest subvention, and how does it impact export finance. 3+7
Ans 2.
Meaning of Interest Subvention in Export Finance
Interest subvention refers to the interest subsidy or financial assistance provided by the
government to reduce the cost of borrowing for specific sectors or industries. In the context of
export finance, interest subvention is offered to exporters in the form of a concession on interest
rates charged by banks on export credit.
Under the Interest Equalization Scheme (IES) implemented by the Government of India
through the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), eligible exporters are provided interest subvention—

Q3. Write short note on the following concepts:
a. Forfaiting
b. Factoring

Ans 3.
a. Forfaiting
Forfaiting is a trade finance technique in which an exporter sells their medium- to long-term
receivables (i.e., bills of exchange or promissory notes) to a financial institution called a
forfaiter at a discount, in exchange for immediate cash payment. The forfaiter assumes all the

risks associated with the receivables, including credit risk, interest rate risk, and political risk.
This method is especially useful in international trade involving capital goods and large-scale
equipment.
The key benefit of forfaiting is that it provides instant liquidity to the exporter without recourse,

Assignment Set – 2

Q4. What are the key advantages and disadvantages of different methods of import
financing. (Explain any 5 methods of Import Financing) 5+5

Ans 4.
1. Letter of Credit (LC)
A Letter of Credit is a widely used import financing method where a bank guarantees payment
to the exporter on behalf of the importer, provided the exporter meets the terms and conditions
of the LC. It reduces payment risk for the exporter while giving the importer assurance that
payment will only be made upon delivery of goods and proper documentation.
Advantages include credibility, reduced transaction risk, and better negotiation terms.
Disadvantages involve high bank fees, complex documentation, and strict compliance

Q5. Discuss the impact of geopolitical events on exchange rates in the forex market.
Provide examples. 8+2
Ans 5.
Understanding the Relationship Between Geopolitics and Forex Markets
The foreign exchange (forex) market is highly sensitive to global political and economic
developments. Geopolitical events refer to political conflicts, wars, elections, trade disputes,

and diplomatic tensions that occur between or within countries. These events impact investor
confidence, capital flows, and global trade, all of which influence exchange rates.
Exchange rates reflect the relative strength of one country’s currency against another. When
geopolitical instability arises, it can lead to volatility, risk aversion, and sudden shifts in forex

Q6. How does the interaction between FEMA and FEDAI benefit the foreign exchange
market? 10
Ans 6.
Understanding FEMA and FEDAI
The Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999, is a legislative framework that
governs foreign exchange transactions in India. Its primary objective is to facilitate external
trade and payments while maintaining the foreign exchange market’s orderly development.
FEMA replaced the earlier FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act) and marked a shift from
regulation to management and liberalization.
On the other hand, the Foreign Exchange Dealers’ Association of India (FEDAI) is an industry

SESSION
FEBRUARY – MARCH 2025
PROGRAM
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(MBA)
SEMESTER
04
COURSE CODE & NAME DMBA401 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND
BUSINESS POLICY

Assignment Set – 1

1. Explain the strategic management process in detail. Also, explain the various levels at
which strategy operates in an organization. 7+3
Ans 1.
Strategic Management Process and Levels of Strategy
Understanding the Strategic Management Process
Strategic management is the continuous planning, monitoring, analysis, and assessment
necessary for an organization to meet its goals and objectives. It helps businesses align their
internal capabilities with external opportunities and threats to gain a competitive advantage.
The strategic management process is both analytical and decision-oriented, guiding long-term
success through a series of well-defined steps.
Steps in the Strategic Management Process
1. Goal Setting This is the foundation of the strategic process where the organization defines
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2. Define strategic analysis and discuss its importance in the strategic management
process. Explain the key components of strategic analysis, including both internal and
external analysis.
Ans 2.
Strategic Analysis and Its Components
Definition and Importance of Strategic Analysis
Strategic analysis is the process of researching and analyzing the internal and external
environment of an organization to identify strategic factors that influence business
performance. It involves evaluating the current position of the firm and determining the
direction in which it should move to achieve its long-term goals.
Strategic analysis is essential because it provides the foundation for strategic decision-making.

3. Discuss the various types of strategic control systems. What is the difference between
strategic control and operational control? 6+4
Ans 3.
Types of Strategic Control Systems and Strategic vs Operational Control
Types of Strategic Control Systems
Strategic control refers to the process used by organizations to monitor and evaluate whether
their chosen strategies are effectively guiding them toward long-term objectives. Unlike
operational control, which is short-term and routine-focused, strategic control is more
concerned with aligning activities with long-term goals. Various types of strategic control
systems are used by management to assess and respond to strategic developments.
1. Premise Control
Premise control focuses on the assumptions and environmental conditions on which a strategy

Assignment Set – 2

4. Elaborate on the significance of Business Continuity Planning. Describe the process of
creating a Business Contingency Plan. 5+5

Ans 4.
Significance of Business Continuity Planning (BCP)
Business Continuity Planning (BCP) refers to the proactive process of identifying potential
threats to an organization and developing strategies to ensure that critical business functions
can continue during and after a crisis or disruption. BCP is crucial for maintaining operational
resilience, minimizing financial loss, and protecting brand reputation.
The modern business environment is exposed to numerous risks such as cyber-attacks, natural

5. What are the primary motivations for companies to form strategic alliances? How does
strategic alliance differ from a merger or acquisition? 5+5

Ans 5.
Motivations for Strategic Alliances and Difference from Mergers or Acquisitions
Primary Motivations for Forming Strategic Alliances
A strategic alliance is a formal agreement between two or more companies to pursue a set of
agreed-upon objectives while remaining independent organizations. These alliances are formed
to share resources, knowledge, markets, or capabilities to gain competitive advantages. Unlike
mergers or acquisitions, strategic alliances do not involve ownership changes but instead focus
on mutual benefit through collaboration.
Access To New Markets.
One of the primary motivations for forming strategic alliances is access to new markets.

6. What are some examples of companies that have successfully fostered a culture of
innovation, what lessons can be learned from them? 10
Ans 6.
Examples of Companies Fostering a Culture of Innovation and Lessons Learned
Innovation is a critical driver of long-term success and competitive advantage in today’s rapidly
evolving business environment. Some companies have distinguished themselves by fostering
a culture of innovation, enabling them to create breakthrough products, transform industries,
and maintain leadership positions. These companies provide valuable lessons in how to build

SESSION
FEB-MARCH 2025
PROGRAM
MBA
SEMESTER
IV
COURSE CODE & NAME DMBA402
INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT

Assignment Set – 1

1. Explain the importance of International Business. Explain the challenges faced while doing
international business.
Ans 1.
Importance of International Business
International business plays a vital role in the growth and development of economies and
organizations. It involves commercial transactions that cross national boundaries and includes
activities like trade, investment, joint ventures, and franchising. In the modern globalized world,
businesses seek to expand beyond their domestic markets to achieve several strategic benefits.
One of the major advantages of international business is market expansion. By entering foreign
markets, companies can access new customer bases and reduce their dependency on local demand.
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2. Write short note on following:
a. Impact of Demographic Environment on IB
b. Culture and its impact on international business

Ans 2.
a. Impact of Demographic Environment on International Business
Demographic environment refers to the characteristics of the population in a specific region,
including age distribution, gender, income levels, education, population growth rate, urbanization,
and workforce availability. These demographic factors play a critical role in shaping international
business decisions and strategies. A favorable demographic profile often translates to new market
opportunities, while an unfavorable one may present operational and economic challenges.
For example, countries with a young and growing population, such as India and many African

3. Write notes on the following:
a. Negative impact of Globalization
b. International Labor Organization 5+5
Ans 3.
a. Negative Impact of Globalization
Globalization, while offering numerous benefits like economic integration and market access, also
brings with it several negative consequences, particularly for developing and underdeveloped
countries. One of the most significant negative effects is the widening income inequality between
developed and developing nations. Wealth tends to concentrate in a few countries or within elite
groups, leaving large portions of the population marginalized and economically vulnerable.
Another negative impact is the loss of cultural identity. As global brands and western lifestyles

Assignment Set – 2

4. What is International Financial Management? Explain the types of International
Accounting Standards.
Ans 4.
International Financial Management
International Financial Management (IFM) refers to the management of financial operations that
involve cross-border transactions. It is concerned with managing finance in an international
business environment and addresses issues like foreign exchange risk, global investment decisions,
cross-border taxation, international capital budgeting, and global financing options.
The core objective of IFM is to maximize the value of a firm operating in multiple countries, while
managing the risks that arise from exchange rate fluctuations, political instability, and differing

5. Explain FDI? Elaborate on the advantages and disadvantages of FDI. 2+8
Ans 5.
FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to an investment made by a company or individual in one
country into business interests located in another country. It typically involves acquiring a lasting
interest or significant degree of influence in a foreign business, often through ownership of assets,
establishing operations, or forming joint ventures. FDI is not just about capital flow—it also
includes the transfer of technology, expertise, and management practices. It plays a major role in

6. Write notes on the following:
a. Recruitment of Expatriates
b. Theory of Absolute Advantage 5+5
Ans 6.
a. Recruitment of Expatriates
The recruitment of expatriates refers to the process of selecting and assigning employees from one
country (usually the home country of a multinational corporation) to work in a foreign subsidiary
or office. Expatriates are typically professionals with strong organizational knowledge and the
ability to manage cross-cultural teams. Recruitment of expatriates is a strategic function in
international human resource management and is critical to the success of global operations.

SESSION
FEB-MARCH 2025
PROGRAM
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(MBA)
SEMESTER
IV
COURSE CODE & NAME DMBA403 BUSINESS LEADERSHIP

Assignment Set – 1

1. Discuss the different Elements of Leadership in detail.

Ans 1.
Introduction
Leadership is not just about giving orders; it is about inspiring people, building trust, and
influencing behavior towards a common goal. Effective leadership is shaped by various core
elements that contribute to the leader’s ability to drive performance, establish direction, and
maintain cohesion within teams or organizations.
Vision and Strategic Direction
A strong vision gives leaders the ability to see the bigger picture and guide their teams
accordingly. Strategic direction involves defining long-term objectives and aligning resources,
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2. Describe – Behavioral approach to Leadership Theories 10
Ans 2.
The behavioral approach to leadership focuses on what leaders do rather than on their personal
traits or characteristics. It studies how leaders behave in different situations and how their
actions influence group performance and satisfaction. This theory marked a shift from
personality-based assessments to the analysis of leadership styles and actions.
Origin and Key Focus of the Behavioral Approach
This approach gained prominence in the 1940s and 1950s through research at Ohio State

3. Describe Team Norms, Cohesiveness and Characteristics of good team.
Ans 3.
Understanding Team Norms
Team norms are the informal yet powerful rules that govern the behavior, interactions, and
expectations among team members. These norms develop through mutual experiences,
conversations, and shared values. They play a vital role in shaping how team members
collaborate, communicate, and resolve conflicts. Norms can include expectations like
punctuality, active participation in meetings, openness to feedback, and mutual respect. When

Assignment Set – 2

4. List the Six Ways to lead a team.

Ans 4.
Introduction
Effective leadership is crucial for team success in any business environment. A good leader not
only guides the team towards goals but also builds trust, fosters collaboration, and ensures
accountability. There are several approaches to team leadership, but six core strategies stand
out in terms of their impact and practicality. These methods help leaders create a strong team
culture, promote efficiency, and drive results in both stable and dynamic environments.
1. Providing a Clear Vision and Direction
One of the most critical leadership actions is setting a clear vision. This involves outlining the

5. Explain – how to become a Successful Intercultural Leader. 10

Ans 5.
In today’s globalized world, organizations operate across borders with culturally diverse teams.
This shift has made intercultural leadership a critical competency for managers and executives.
Intercultural leadership refers to a leader’s ability to manage, inspire, and collaborate with
people from different cultural backgrounds. Becoming a successful intercultural leader
involves understanding cultural differences, adapting communication styles, and promoting

6. Explain the Characteristics of Ethical Leadership. 10
Ans 6.
Ethical leadership is a style of leadership rooted in respect for ethical beliefs, values, and
dignity of others. It emphasizes fairness, honesty, accountability, and transparency in decision-

making and behavior. In modern organizations, ethical leadership is crucial for building trust,
enhancing reputation, and sustaining long-term growth. A leader’s ethical conduct sets the tone
for the organizational culture and influences how employees behave and make decisions.
Integrity and Honesty
One of the foremost characteristics of ethical leadership is integrity. Leaders who act with

SESSION
FEB-MARCH 2025
PROGRAM
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(MBA)
SEMESTER
IV
course CODE & NAME
DOMS 402 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Assignment Set – 1

1. Describe the meaning of quality with respect to data and further elaborate the
importance of data governance. 10
Ans 1.
Meaning of Quality with Respect to Data
Data quality refers to the overall condition of data and its ability to serve its intended purpose.
It is determined by several attributes such as accuracy, completeness, consistency, reliability,
validity, and timeliness. In business and management, data is the foundation for analytics,
reporting, and strategic decision-making. Hence, poor data quality can lead to incorrect
conclusions, misinformed strategies, and operational failures.
High-quality data is accurate, meaning it reflects the real-world values it represents without
errors. It is complete, including all necessary information to make it useful. It is consistent,
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2. What do you understand by term Quality? Explain and discuss various costs associated
with quality. Further highlight the teachings of 2 quality gurus. 10

Ans 2.
Understanding the Term Quality
Quality, in the context of Total Quality Management (TQM), refers to the degree to which a
product, service, or process meets or exceeds customer expectations. It is not just limited to the
end product but applies to all processes and functions within the organization. Quality ensures
that outcomes are consistent, reliable, and fit for purpose.
In a broader sense, quality also involves continuous improvement, customer satisfaction, and

3. Discuss various quality standards. Elaborate the essence of quality improvement and
list the problems related to quality improvement. 10

Ans 3.
Various Quality Standards
Quality standards are formal guidelines and specifications that help ensure products, services,
and processes consistently meet customer expectations and regulatory requirements. These

standards provide a benchmark for organizations to evaluate their performance, maintain
consistency, and achieve continuous improvement.
One of the most recognized international quality standards is ISO 9001. It sets out the criteria
for a quality management system (QMS) and is based on principles such as customer focus,

Assignment Set – 2

4. Discuss 7 quality control tools with their advantages and applications
10

Ans 4.
Introduction to Quality Control Tools
Quality control tools are techniques used to analyze and improve processes by identifying
variations, root causes of defects, and potential improvements. These tools help ensure that
products and services meet predefined quality standards. The seven basic quality control (QC)
tools are simple yet powerful techniques widely used in manufacturing and service industries.
1. Check Sheet
A check sheet is a structured form for collecting and analyzing data. It is often used to track

5. Discuss the importance of quality culture, why it is necessary. Further discuss the
challenges in building the quality culture. 10

Ans 5.
Importance of Quality Culture
Quality culture refers to the collective values, beliefs, and behaviors within an organization
that support the continuous improvement of processes, products, and services. A strong quality
culture empowers every employee to take ownership of quality in their everyday work and
aligns organizational goals with customer satisfaction and long-term excellence.

The importance of a quality culture lies in its ability to create a proactive work environment
where employees are motivated to identify and correct issues before they escalate. It enhances

6. What are the elements of TQM which enhance quality. Further discuss how TQM
framework has evolved over the years. 10
Ans 6.
Elements of TQM That Enhance Quality
Total Quality Management (TQM) is a holistic approach to long-term organizational success
through customer satisfaction. It integrates all functions and employees into a continuous
improvement process. Several key elements of TQM work together to enhance product and
service quality across all departments.
 Customer Focus.One of the most important elements is customer focus. TQM begins

SESSION
FEB – MARCH 2025
PROGRAM
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(MBA)
SEMESTER
IV
COURSE CODE & NAME DOMS401
SERVICES
OPERATIONS
MANAGEMENT

Assignment Set – 1

1. Explicate various bases of classification of services with the help of an example (briefly)
of each. 10

Ans 1.
Explicate Various Bases of Classification of Services with the Help of an Example
(Briefly) of Each
Service Classification
Services are intangible, perishable, and customer-centric in nature. Due to their unique
characteristics, services can be classified using different bases. Classification helps service
managers design better delivery systems, understand customer expectations, and improve
operational efficiency. The classification of services is typically done based on the type of
service act, the level of customization, the relationship with customers, and the nature of
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2. Discuss the new service development cycle. 10
Ans 2.
Introduction to New Service Development (NSD)
The New Service Development (NSD) cycle refers to the structured process of designing,
developing, and launching a new service. In the highly competitive and innovation-driven
service industry, developing new services is crucial for gaining a competitive advantage,
fulfilling evolving customer needs, and sustaining business growth. The NSD process ensures
that services are market-relevant, customer-focused, and operationally feasible.
1. Idea Generation
The first step in the NSD cycle is to gather ideas from multiple sources, such as customers,

3. Explain the concept of facility layout. Also discuss various forms of facility layout with
example of each. 3+7

Ans 3.
Concept of Facility Layout
Facility layout refers to the physical arrangement of resources such as machines, equipment,
workstations, storage areas, and service departments within a facility to ensure efficient

workflow and service delivery. The goal of an effective layout is to optimize space utilization,
minimize movement, reduce production or service time, and enhance customer experience.
In service organizations, facility layout is especially important because it impacts customer
interaction, employee productivity, safety, and overall service efficiency. For example, in a

Assignment Set – 2

4. “Management of service capacity is an important function to be performed in service
organizations”. Regarding the statement, discuss various challenges an organization can
face while managing the services.

Ans 4.
Importance of Managing Service Capacity
Service capacity management involves balancing the supply of service resources with the
fluctuating demand from customers. Since services are often produced and consumed
simultaneously, capacity must be carefully managed to avoid overuse (leading to delays and
poor service) or underuse (leading to wasted resources).
Unlike manufacturing, service organizations cannot store output. Therefore, the ability to

5. Discuss the significance of the Supply chain in Services. Explain the concept using an
example from the hospitality industry. 6+4

Ans 5.
Significance of the Supply Chain in Services
A supply chain in the service industry refers to the network of resources, processes, and
partners involved in delivering a service to customers. Unlike manufacturing, where the supply
chain focuses on the flow of physical goods, the service supply chain emphasizes the movement

and coordination of people, information, and intangible resources to ensure seamless service
delivery.
The service supply chain includes suppliers of materials, technology providers, staff, support

6. Discuss the significance of Simulation in Service industry. Also, discuss the types of
simulation in service. 4+6
Ans 6.
Significance of Simulation in the Service Industry
Simulation is a powerful technique used in service industries to model real-world operations
and analyze performance in a controlled virtual environment. It involves creating computerbased

models of service processes to study how different variables and decisions affect
outcomes without disrupting actual operations.
The significance of simulation lies in its ability to help organizations visualize, test, and
optimize service processes before implementing changes in real-life settings. It supports better

SESSION
FEB – MARCH 2025
PROGRAM
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(MBA)
SEMESTER
4
COURSE CODE & NAME DOMS403 PRODUCTION, PLANNING AND
CONTROL

Assignment Set – 1

1. Define the Advanced production and planning control (APPC). Mention the key
components of APPC with suitable example. 4+6
Ans 1.
Definition of Advanced Production and Planning Control (APPC)
Advanced Production and Planning Control (APPC) is a modern and integrated approach to
managing and optimizing the entire production process within an organization. It extends
beyond traditional planning methods by utilizing advanced tools, real-time data, and digital
technologies like ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), AI (Artificial Intelligence), IoT
(Internet of Things), and cloud computing to achieve greater efficiency, flexibility, and
responsiveness.
APPC aims to ensure that the right quantity of products is produced at the right time and cost,
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2. What is forecasting? Discussed the various objectives of demand forecasting.

Ans 2.
Definition of Forecasting
Forecasting is the process of estimating future trends, events, or outcomes based on historical
data, current information, and analytical techniques. In the context of production and operations
management, forecasting refers to the prediction of future demand for products or services so
that planning and decision-making can be done effectively.
Forecasting can be qualitative, relying on expert judgment and intuition, or quantitative, using
statistical methods and historical data. Accurate forecasting helps businesses allocate

3. What is the purpose of Operations Scheduling? Discuss in detail. 10

Ans 3.
Meaning of Operations Scheduling
Operations scheduling is the process of planning and assigning tasks, activities, or jobs to
available resources (like machines, labor, or workstations) over a specific time frame to achieve
optimal production performance. It is a vital component of production and operations
management and is especially important in manufacturing and service environments where
multiple processes must be managed simultaneously.
Scheduling ensures that work is done in the right order, by the right people or machines, at the

Assignment Set – 2

4. Discuss the Various Industry 4.0 Trends in Production Distribution System Design in
Detail
Ans 4.
Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 refers to the fourth industrial revolution characterized by the integration of digital
technologies into manufacturing and supply chain systems. These technologies include
artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), cyber-physical systems, robotics, and
big data analytics. In the context of production distribution system design, Industry 4.0 has
transformed how products are moved, stored, tracked, and delivered across supply chains.
1. Smart Warehousing and Logistics
With IoT and sensors, warehouses are becoming smarter and more connected. Automated

5. Talk about the concept of value chain dynamics with suitable examples. 10
Ans 5.
Concept of Value Chain Dynamics
Value chain dynamics refer to the constant movement, interaction, and evolution of activities
involved in delivering a product or service to the customer. Coined by Michael Porter, the value
chain is the sequence of business operations—from inbound logistics to after-sales service—
that add value at every step of the product lifecycle.
Value chain dynamics go beyond a static view of these processes and consider how they adapt

6. Mention the characteristic features for production 10

Ans 6.
Production
Production refers to the process of converting raw materials, resources, or inputs into finished
goods or services. It involves a series of planned activities aimed at adding value through
transformation, assembly, or service delivery. Production is the backbone of manufacturing
and service industries, enabling the creation of goods that fulfill consumer needs and contribute

SESSION
FEB – MAR 2025
PROGRAM
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER
IV
COURSE CODE & NAME DOMS404 ADVANCED PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Assignment Set – 1

1. Differentiate between project financing and direct financing. Also, explain the
advantages and disadvantages of Public-Private Partnership. 5+5

Ans 1.
Difference Between Project Financing and Direct Financing
Project financing and direct financing are two distinct methods used to raise capital for project
execution. Project financing is a financial structure where the project is treated as a separate
legal entity, and the cash flows generated by the project are used to repay the debt. In this
model, lenders rely primarily on the project’s future revenues for repayment, not the
creditworthiness of the sponsors. This type of financing is commonly used for large
infrastructure, energy, and industrial projects. It helps in risk allocation and encourages private
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2. How do resource loading, resource leveling, and time-cost trade-offs impact project
scheduling and management? Provide a detailed explanation. 10

Ans 2.
Impact of Resource Loading, Resource Leveling, and Time-Cost Trade-Offs on Project
Scheduling and Management
Understanding Resource Loading
Resource loading refers to the process of assigning specific quantities of resources (like labor,
machinery, or equipment) to project tasks over a period of time. It is a way to assess whether
the available resources are sufficient to meet the planned project timeline. If resources are
overloaded or underutilized, it can cause inefficiencies, delays, or increased costs. Effective
resource loading ensures that no team or asset is overwhelmed, leading to better productivity
and smoother execution.
In project scheduling, understanding resource availability is crucial. For example, if five tasks

3. What are the various types of control systems used in project management, including
closed-loop control systems? How are these systems applied in project control? 5+5
Ans 3.

Types of Control Systems Used in Project Management Including Closed-Loop Control
Systems
Various Types of Control Systems in Project Management
Control systems in project management are essential for ensuring that a project remains on
track in terms of scope, time, cost, and quality. These systems help in monitoring performance,
identifying variances from the plan, and implementing corrective actions. One of the most
commonly used types is the open-loop control system, where the project is executed based on
a pre-defined plan without feedback or adjustment. This type is more suitable for projects with
little uncertainty or variability. However, its drawback is the inability to correct deviations once

Assignment Set – 2

4. What are the different types of risk management approaches used in project
management? Also, explain the concept of risk mitigation with suitable examples.

Ans 4.
Types of Risk Management Approaches and the Concept of Risk Mitigation with
Examples
Different Types of Risk Management Approaches
Qualitative Risk Management Approach
Project risk management involves identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risks to
minimize their impact on objectives. The first and most traditional approach is the qualitative
risk management approach, which involves assessing risks based on their probability of
occurrence and impact using subjective judgment. It helps prioritize risks quickly but lacks
numerical depth.
Quantitative Risk Management Approach
The quantitative risk management approach uses data, statistical models, and numerical

5. How are qualitative and financial models utilized in project selection and decisionmaking?
Provide
relevant
illustrations.

Ans 5.
Utilization of Qualitative and Financial Models in Project Selection and Decision-Making
Qualitative Models in Project Selection
Qualitative models are widely used in the early stages of project selection when data is limited
or the nature of the project is subjective. These models focus on non-financial aspects such as
strategic alignment, social impact, technical feasibility, organizational readiness, and
stakeholder interests. One commonly used qualitative approach is the scoring model, where
project ideas are rated against pre-defined criteria like risk level, strategic fit, and innovation.
Each criterion is given a weight, and projects are prioritized based on total scores. This method

6. How can selection criteria based on technical competency improve the effectiveness of
project team formation and vendor selection? What is the significance of the cost-benefit
ratio in setting management priorities for project selection and execution? 5+5

Ans 6.
Role of Technical Competency in Project Team and Vendor Selection, and Importance
of Cost-Benefit Ratio in Project Management
Improving Project Team and Vendor Selection through Technical Competency
Selecting the right team and vendors is critical for successful project execution. Technical
competency serves as a core selection criterion to ensure that both internal team members and
external partners possess the necessary skills, knowledge, and experience to deliver the project
outcomes efficiently. When selection is based on technical capabilities rather than only on cost
or availability, the likelihood of meeting quality standards and timelines increases significantly.
For example, in an IT project involving cloud migration, selecting a vendor with certified

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