MUJ ASSIGNMENT
BBA 1-6 SEM SAMPLE
SESSION JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER I
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB1112 BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
FUNCTIONS
Assignment Set – 1
1. Discuss the scope of management in modern organizations and briefly explain how the
basic formation of an organization that includes sole proprietorship, partnership,
cooperative organisation, and company influences managerial functions and decisionmaking
processes. 3+7
Ans 1.
Scope of Management in Modern Organizations
Management today extends far beyond traditional supervision and control. It plays a crucial
role in achieving organizational goals efficiently and effectively. Modern organizations operate
in a highly dynamic environment where management is responsible for planning, organizing,
staffing, directing, coordinating, and controlling resources. The scope also includes strategic
decision-making, innovation management, change management, and fostering a competitive
edge in global markets. Management focuses on maximizing human potential, ensuring
customer satisfaction, and promoting sustainability. As businesses embrace technology,
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2. Briefly explain the modern approaches to management, and how do they differ from
traditional management approaches? 6+4
Ans 2.
Modern Approaches to Management
Modern management approaches have evolved to address the complexities of contemporary
business environments. The systems approach views organizations as interrelated and
interdependent systems interacting with the external environment. Managers under this
approach analyze the whole system rather than isolated parts. Contingency approach suggests
that management practices must be tailored to fit particular circumstances; there is no one-sizefits-
all method. Human relations approach emphasizes the importance of human behavior,
needs, and attitudes within organizations. Motivation, leadership, team dynamics, and
3.Explain the process of departmentalisation. What are the different methods of
departmentalisation and how do they impact the organisational structure and its
performance? Provide examples to illustrate your answer 4+6
Ans 3.
Process of Departmentalisation
Departmentalisation is the process of dividing an organisation into distinct units or
departments, each responsible for a specific set of activities. It begins after the major activities
of the organisation are identified through job analysis and work breakdown. Similar tasks are
grouped together to ensure specialization, efficiency, and clarity in functioning. Managers
assign authority and responsibility for each department, ensuring accountability.
Communication lines are established between departments to foster coordination.
Assignment Set – 2
4. Explain the importance of interdepartmental coordination in managing the
interdependencies among marketing, operations, and finance. How can effective
collaboration among these departments enhance resource allocation and support
organizational objectives? 5+5
Ans 4.
Importance of Interdepartmental Coordination
Interdepartmental coordination is essential for managing interdependencies among marketing,
operations, and finance. Marketing, operations, and finance must work together to align
product development, production scheduling, budgeting, and customer satisfaction goals.
Without coordination, departments may pursue conflicting objectives, leading to inefficiencies
and customer dissatisfaction. Effective coordination ensures that marketing campaigns are
5. Define leadership. Compare and contrast the autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire
leadership styles in terms of their impact on employee motivation, creativity, and overall
team performance. 2+8
Ans 5.
Definition of Leadership
Leadership is the ability to influence, inspire, and guide individuals or groups toward the
achievement of goals. It involves setting a vision, motivating people, building morale, and
managing both people and resources effectively. Leadership is not just about authority but
about creating an environment where individuals feel empowered and committed to
organizational objectives. A good leader adapts their approach based on the situation and the
6. Analyze the significance of business ethics in today’s corporate landscape. Explain the
Key Challenges in Business Ethics and the ways to overcome them. 4+6
Ans 6.
Significance of Business Ethics in Today’s Corporate Landscape
Importance of Business Ethics in Modern Corporations
Business ethics refers to the moral principles and values that guide behavior and decisionmaking
in business contexts. In today’s corporate landscape, business ethics is more critical
than ever due to heightened public scrutiny, regulatory demands, and the global reach of
organizations. Ethical practices help build trust with stakeholders, including customers,
employees, investors, and communities. Companies that uphold strong ethical standards
SESSION JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER I
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB1113 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Assignment Set – 1
1. Explain different types of accounting concepts in detail.
Ans 1.
Accounting Concepts
Accounting concepts are basic rules and assumptions that guide the preparation and
presentation of financial statements. These concepts ensure that accounting information is
meaningful, consistent, and comparable. By following these concepts, organizations maintain
transparency and fairness in financial reporting, helping various stakeholders make informed
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2. Journalize the following transactions –
Jan 1st – Mr. Harshit started his business with Rs. 80,000/- which he brought as his capital
in cash.
Jan 10th – He purchased goods worth Rs.30,000/- in cash and Rs. 20,000/- on credit.
Jan 12th – He paid wages Rs. 500/-
Jan 15th – Sold goods for Rs. 20,000/- in cash and Rs. 25,000/- on credit
Jan 16th – Paid to suppliers Rs. 8,000/- for goods purchased on credit
Jan 20th – Received Rs. 15,000/- from his debtors
Jan 31st – Paid rent Rs. 1,000/- in cash
Ans 2.
Journal Entries
Journal entries form the first step in the accounting process. They are the written records of
business transactions in a chronological order, capturing all financial activities of an
organization on a daily basis. Every financial event, such as purchase, sale, payment, or receipt,
is first recorded in the journal before being posted into the ledger. This ensures that no
Assignment Set – 2
4. Describe in detail, different types of shares. 10
Ans 4.
Types of Shares
Shares represent units of ownership in a company. When individuals purchase shares, they
become part-owners of the company and are entitled to a portion of its profits. Companies issue
different types of shares to cater to various investor preferences and funding needs.
Understanding the types of shares is essential for investors and company management.
Equity Shares
Equity shares are the most common type of shares issued by companies. They represent the
5. Define debentures and summarize the classification of debentures. 2 + 8
Ans 5.
Debentures and Classification of Debentures
Debentures are a type of long-term debt instrument used by companies to raise funds from the
public. They are issued under the common seal of the company and acknowledge a debt owed
to the debenture holders. Debentures carry a fixed rate of interest, which the company promises
to pay at regular intervals irrespective of its profits. Debenture holders are considered creditors
of the company, and their repayment is prioritized over shareholders in case of liquidation.
6. Discuss different methods used for calculation of depreciation in detail. 10
Ans 6.
Methods for Calculation of Depreciation
Depreciation refers to the gradual reduction in the value of a fixed asset due to wear and tear,
passage of time, or obsolescence. It is an essential accounting process because it matches the
cost of using an asset with the revenue it generates over its useful life. Different methods of
depreciation calculation exist depending on the nature of assets and business requirements.
Straight Line Method
Straight line method charges an equal amount of depreciation every year over the useful life of
SESSION JANYARY – FEBRUARY 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER 01
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB1114 MICROECONOMICS
Assignment Set – 1
1. Define the concept of elasticity of demand. What are the different degrees of price
elasticity of demand? 2+8
Ans 1.
Elasticity of Demand and Degrees of Price Elasticity
Elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded of a good to changes
in its price, income, or price of related goods. It shows how sensitive consumers are to changes
in market conditions. When the price of a commodity changes, the extent to which demand for
that commodity changes is referred to as price elasticity of demand. This concept helps
businesses and policymakers understand consumer behavior and make pricing decisions
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2. Explain the Law of Variable Proportion. 10
Ans 2.
Law of Variable Proportion
Law of Variable Proportion is a fundamental concept in microeconomics which explains the
relationship between input and output when the quantity of one input is varied while keeping
other inputs constant. It is particularly applicable in the short-run production function where
some factors are fixed. This law helps firms understand how to efficiently allocate resources to
maximize output and minimize costs.
Meaning and Definition
Law of Variable Proportion states that as the quantity of one input increases while other inputs
3. What is an indifference curve? Discuss the key properties of an indifference curve. 2+8
Ans 3.
Indifference Curve and its Properties
An indifference curve is a graphical representation that shows different combinations of two
goods between which a consumer is indifferent. In other words, every point on the curve
represents combinations of two goods that give the consumer equal satisfaction and utility. The
consumer does not prefer one combination over another since both provide the same level of
happiness. Indifference curves are a key part of consumer choice theory and help economists
Assignment Set – 2
4. Describe the kinked demand curve model in an oligopolistic market. 10
Ans 4.
Kinked Demand Curve in Oligopoly
Kinked demand curve is an economic model developed to explain price rigidity often observed
in oligopolistic markets. In an oligopoly, a few firms dominate the industry, and each firm’s
pricing decisions affect the actions of other firms. The kinked demand curve model suggests
that prices remain stable in oligopoly markets even when costs fluctuate, because firms are
5. In which type of market is price discrimination practiced? Explain the various degrees
of price discrimination. 2+8
Ans 5.
Market and Degrees of Price Discrimination
Price discrimination is a pricing strategy where a seller charges different prices for the same
product or service from different customers. It occurs when the seller is able to segment the
market and prevent resale between consumers. Price discrimination is commonly practiced in
an imperfect market, especially under monopoly and monopolistic competition, where the
seller has some degree of control over price. The seller exploits differences in consumers’
6. Illustrate and explain the cost-output relationship between short-run total cost curves
with the help of a diagram. 10
Ans 6.
Cost-Output Relationship in Short Run
Short-run cost-output relationship examines how total costs vary with changes in output when
at least one factor of production is fixed. In the short run, firms can change only variable factors
like labor and raw materials, while fixed factors like machinery and buildings remain constant.
The behavior of short-run cost curves is essential for understanding production decisions and
pricing strategies.
Fixed Cost Curve
Fixed costs are those costs that remain constant irrespective of the level of output produced.
SESSION JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER I
COURSE CODE &
NAME
DBB1115 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION
MANAGEMENT
Assignment Set – 1
1. What do you mean by entrepreneurship? What are its elements? 5+5
Ans 1.
Entrepreneurship and its Elements
Entrepreneurship refers to the activity of setting up a business or businesses with the aim of
making a profit. It involves identifying a business opportunity, organizing resources, taking
calculated risks, and innovating to bring a new product or service into the market.
Entrepreneurs are individuals who create and manage enterprises, often bringing innovation
and fresh ideas that drive economic growth. Entrepreneurship is not just about starting a
business; it is about creating value, solving problems, and responding to market needs with
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2. Differentiate between debt and equity financing. What role do venture capitalists play
in startup financing? 5+5
Ans 2.
Debt and Equity Financing and Role of Venture Capitalists
Financing is one of the most critical aspects of establishing and growing a business.
Entrepreneurs require capital to fund operations, develop products, hire talent, and expand.
Two primary forms of business financing are debt financing and equity financing. Both have
different implications for ownership, risk, and control over the business. Venture capitalists
also play a crucial role in supporting startups, especially those with high growth potential but
3. Discuss the stages of an EDP. Explain the role of government in fostering
entrepreneurship. 6+4
Ans 3.
Stages of Entrepreneurship Development Programme and Role of Government
Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP) refers to a structured process aimed at
developing entrepreneurial abilities among individuals. It involves training, guidance, and
support to help aspiring entrepreneurs create and manage successful ventures. EDP focuses on
developing necessary skills, knowledge, and attitudes to foster innovation and business growth.
The programme is conducted in various stages to systematically build entrepreneurial
Assignment Set – 2
4. List and define different types of IPR. How do trademarks and copyrights differ? 5+5
Ans 4.
Types of Intellectual Property Rights and Difference between Trademarks and
Copyrights
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are legal rights that protect creations of the mind, such as
inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, and symbols. IPR ensures that inventors and
creators can reap the benefits of their inventions or creations, encouraging innovation and
creativity. Understanding the types of IPR is important for protecting business ideas, products,
5. What are the key stages in New Product Development (NPD). How does the Resource-
Based Theory relate to NPD? 5+5
Ans 5.
Key Stages in New Product Development and Relation to Resource-Based Theory
New Product Development (NPD) is the process by which a company creates a new product
from idea generation to market launch. It involves several critical stages that ensure the product
meets market needs and contributes to the company’s growth. A systematic approach to NPD
6. Analyse Tesla’s approach to innovation, with reference to the following:
a) How does Tesla use radical innovation?
b) What factors contributed to Tesla’s market success? 5+5
Ans 6.
Tesla’s Approach to Innovation
Tesla is widely recognized as one of the most innovative companies of the 21st century. It has
not just participated in the electric vehicle (EV) market but has completely transformed it
through bold, radical innovations and disruptive strategies. Tesla’s approach is centered around
challenging traditional methods, investing in advanced technologies, and redefining customer
SESSION JANUARY – FEBRUARY, 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER 01
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB1116 UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES
Assignment Set – 1
1. Discuss the concept of basic human aspiration in detail. How do continuity of happiness
and prosperity form the foundation of human goals? 5+5
Ans 1.
Basic Human Aspiration and Role of Happiness and Prosperity
Human aspiration refers to the fundamental and continuous longing that drives individuals
toward achieving a fulfilling life. It is a deep and persistent desire that influences behavior and
decision-making across various aspects of life. Understanding basic human aspiration is crucial
because it shapes the way individuals perceive themselves, their goals, and their relationship
with society and nature. At the core of human aspiration lies the quest for happiness and
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2. Explain the concept of human endeavour in the light of holistic development. How can
one align their efforts with universal human values? 5+5
Ans 2.
Human Endeavour and Alignment with Universal Human Values
Human endeavour refers to the efforts and activities undertaken by individuals and groups to
achieve their aspirations and improve their quality of life. In the context of universal human
values, human endeavour is not merely about economic or material success but about holistic
development that addresses all aspects of human existence. True development is complete only
3. What do you understand by the term ‘resolution’? How does having a resolution lead
to clarity and consistency in human behaviour? 5+5
Ans 3.
Resolution and its Role in Human Behaviour
Resolution refers to a firm decision or clarity in understanding one’s purpose, goals, and way
of living. In the context of universal human values, resolution means developing a clear
understanding of life’s objectives and aligning one’s thoughts, actions, and relationships
accordingly. It is not just a one-time decision but a continuous commitment to living with
clarity, consistency, and alignment with universal values. Resolution is essential for ensuring
that human behavior remains stable, predictable, and directed toward meaningful goals rather
Assignment Set – 2
4. What are the needs of the Self and the Body? How does confusion between the two
leads to unhappiness or imbalance in life? 5+5
Ans 4.
Needs of the Self and the Body and Effects of Confusion
Human beings consist of two fundamental components — the Self and the Body. Each has
distinct needs that must be recognized and fulfilled appropriately. The Self refers to the
conscious entity, the seat of emotions, desires, understanding, and aspirations. The Body refers
to the physical structure that needs proper maintenance for survival and functioning. A
balanced life requires understanding and fulfilling the needs of both the Self and the Body in
5. Explain the concept of nature and its four orders. How does understanding this help in
living harmoniously with the environment? 10
Ans 5.
Concept of Nature and Four Orders
Nature is a self-organized, harmonious system comprising living and non-living entities that
coexist in a balanced manner. It includes everything around us — air, water, soil, plants,
animals, and human beings. Nature operates through a systematic interdependence where every
entity has a role to play in sustaining life. Understanding nature’s working and its different
components is crucial for living harmoniously and responsibly, ensuring that human activities
6. Define human conduct. How is it guided by values and right understanding? Discuss
with examples. 3+7
Ans 6.
Human Conduct and its Relation with Values and Right Understanding
Human conduct refers to the behavior and actions of individuals as guided by their inner
understanding, beliefs, and values. It is not just about external behavior but also includes
internal attitudes, intentions, and aspirations. Human conduct is an expression of one’s
understanding of life, relationships, and responsibilities. When guided by right understanding
and universal human values, human conduct leads to happiness, mutual respect, and social
SESSION JAN-FEB, 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
SEMESTER I
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB1117 OFFICE AUTOMATION TOOLS
Set – 1
1. Define Office Automation. 10
Ans 1.
Office Automation
Office automation refers to the use of technology, software, and systems to perform a wide
variety of office tasks with minimal human intervention. It involves the application of
electronic devices and communication technology to enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and
speed of administrative functions. Office automation is aimed at simplifying, optimizing, and
automating routine tasks such as data storage, communication, document management,
scheduling, and reporting, ultimately leading to improved productivity and reduced operational
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2. Differentiate between Read-only Memory & Random Access Memory. 10
Ans 2.
Difference between Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory
Memory plays a critical role in the functioning of computer systems. Two essential types of
memory are Read-only Memory (ROM) and Random Access Memory (RAM). Both have
distinct characteristics, purposes, and impacts on the performance of computing devices.
Understanding their differences is vital for grasping how computers process, store, and retrieve
information efficiently.
Concept of Read-only Memory
Read-only Memory, commonly known as ROM, is a type of non-volatile memory. This means
3. Discuss the role of sorting in Excel sheets. 10
Ans 3.
Role of Sorting in Excel Sheets
Sorting in Excel is a fundamental feature that allows users to organize and arrange data
systematically based on specific criteria. It plays a crucial role in enhancing data analysis,
increasing clarity, and improving overall data management. Sorting helps users locate
information quickly, identify trends, and make informed decisions. Whether working with
small datasets or large databases, the ability to sort efficiently is essential for accurate and
Set – 2
1. Difference between input and output devices. 10
Ans 1.
Difference between Input and Output Devices
Input and output devices are essential components of a computer system, enabling
communication between the user and the machine. They perform critical roles in ensuring that
data can be entered, processed, and presented in a form understandable to humans.
Understanding the distinction between input and output devices is fundamental to grasping
2. Explain the system and application software with examples. 10
Ans 2.
System Software and Application Software
Software is a collection of programs that instruct a computer system to perform specific tasks.
It serves as an interface between users and hardware. Software is broadly classified into two
main categories — system software and application software. Both are essential for the
effective functioning of computers but differ in their purpose, functionality, and interaction
with hardware.
System Software
System software is designed to manage and control the hardware components of a computer
3. Describe the phases in the SDLC Life Cycle. 10
Ans 3.
Phases in SDLC Life Cycle
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured process used for developing
information systems efficiently and effectively. It defines the stages involved in the
development, implementation, and maintenance of a software application or system. SDLC
provides a systematic approach to project management, ensuring that software meets business
SESSION FEB- MAR, 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER III
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB2101 LEGAL AND REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK
Assignment Set – 1
Q1 Define a company. What are the different kinds of meetings of the shareholders of a
company? 2+8
Ans 1.
Definition of a Company
A company is an artificial legal person created by law, having a separate legal identity, perpetual
succession, and a common seal. It is formed under the Companies Act, 2013 in India. The
company has the ability to own property, enter into contracts, sue and be sued in its own name.
Unlike a partnership or sole proprietorship, a company’s identity is distinct from its shareholders
or members, and their liability is limited to the extent of their shareholding.
Kinds of Shareholders’ Meetings
Meetings of shareholders are essential for the governance of a company and for making key
decisions. These meetings ensure transparency and provide a platform for shareholders to
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Q2 Define a Contract. What are the essentials of a contract? Discuss. 2+8
Ans 2.
Definition of a Contract
A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties that creates mutual
obligations. According to Section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, “a contract is an
agreement enforceable by law.” This means that not all agreements are contracts—only those
that fulfill the legal criteria become binding and enforceable in a court of law.
Essentials of a Valid Contract
For an agreement to become a valid contract under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the following
Q3 What do you understand by intellectual property rights? Explain its types in detail. 2+8
Ans 3.
Meaning of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)
Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are legal rights granted to individuals or organizations over
the creations of their minds. These creations may include inventions, literary and artistic works,
designs, symbols, names, and images used in commerce. IPRs aim to protect the intellectual
efforts and creativity of inventors and creators by providing them exclusive rights over the use of
their intellectual assets for a certain period. This protection encourages innovation, fosters
Assignment Set – 2
Q4 Discuss Environment Protection Act 1986. How is it relevant in the modern business
world?5+5
Ans 4.
Overview of the Environment Protection Act, 1986
The Environment Protection Act, 1986 was enacted by the Government of India in the aftermath
of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. It serves as a comprehensive framework for the protection and
improvement of the environment. The Act empowers the central government to take measures to
protect and improve environmental quality, control and reduce pollution, and ensure the
sustainable use of natural resources.
The Act defines “environment” broadly to include water, air, land, and the interrelationship
Q5 Discuss the main areas of focus of the Factories Act, 1948. 10
Ans 5.
Introduction to the Factories Act, 1948
The Factories Act, 1948 is a social welfare legislation enacted by the Government of India to
regulate the working conditions in factories. The primary aim of the Act is to ensure the health,
safety, and welfare of workers, while promoting effective and fair labor practices. It applies to
any premises where ten or more workers are employed with the use of power, or twenty or more
workers without the use of power.
Key Focus Areas of the Act
1. Health of Workers
The Act includes various provisions to ensure hygienic and safe conditions in factories. These
Q6 Define consumer. Explain the consumer redressal agencies in detail. 2+8
Ans 6.
Definition of a Consumer
According to Section 2(7) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, a consumer is a person who
buys any goods or hires or avails any service for a consideration, which has been paid, promised,
or partly paid and partly promised. The definition also includes any user of such goods or
services with the approval of the buyer. A person is not considered a consumer if goods or
services are obtained for resale or commercial purposes, with some exceptions (like selfSESSION
FEB – MAR 2025
PROGRAM BBA
SEMESTER III
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB2102 QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR
MANAGEMENT
Assignment Set – 1
Q1 Elaborate on the characteristics of Statistics.
Ans 1.
Introduction to Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, classification, analysis,
interpretation, and presentation of numerical data. In the context of management, statistics is a critical
tool used for informed decision-making, forecasting, and strategic planning. It simplifies complex data
and helps managers draw logical conclusions from it.
Quantitative Nature of Statistics
One of the fundamental characteristics of statistics is its quantitative nature. It deals primarily with
numerical data and not qualitative information. Whether it’s sales figures, market share percentages,
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Q2 Explain the methods of mean, median and mode for frequency data.
Ans 2.
Introduction to Central Tendency in Frequency Data
In statistics, measures of central tendency are used to summarize a set of data with a single value that
represents the center or average. The three main measures—mean, median, and mode—are especially
useful when dealing with frequency distributions, where data is grouped in intervals and associated
with frequencies. These methods help in understanding the overall pattern and tendencies in the data.
Mean for Frequency Data
The mean, or arithmetic average, for frequency data is calculated by multiplying each data value (or
Q3 The values of X and Y are given below:
X 1 3 5 7 9
Y 9 7 5 3 1
Calculate the correlation coefficient between X and Y.
Ans 3.
To calculate the correlation coefficient (r) between two variables X and Y, we use Pearson’s
correlation coefficient formula.
Step 1: Write the Given Values
X Y
1 9
3 7
5 5
7 3
9 1
Step 2: Use the Formula
r =
nΣXY − ΣXΣY
[nΣX − ΣX ][nΣY − ΣY ]
Where:
n = number of observations
ΣX, ΣY = sum of X and Y values
Assignment Set – 2
Q4 The data below shows weekly sales: Week
Sales (Units)
Week 1 50
Week 2 55
Week 3 53
Week 4 54
Week 5 56
Week 6 58
Calculate the 3 – week moving average.
Ans 4.
Given Weekly Sales Data:
Week Sales (Units)
Week 1 50
Week 2 55
Week 3 53
Week 4 54
Week Sales (Units)
Week 5 56
Week 6 58
What is a 3-Week Moving Average?
The 3-week moving average is a time series forecasting method where the average of sales from three
consecutive weeks is calculated to smooth short-term fluctuations and show trends more clearly.
Q5 Explain different methods of random sampling.
Ans 5.
Random Sampling
Random sampling is a fundamental technique used in statistics to select a sample from a larger
population in such a way that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen. It helps in
obtaining unbiased and representative data, which leads to more accurate and generalizable results in
research and decision-making.
Simple Random Sampling
Simple random sampling is the most basic form of random sampling where each unit in the population
has an equal and independent chance of being selected. This method can be conducted using random
Q6 Define different methods for statistical quality control. Also, describe the advantages of
statistical quality control.
Ans 6.
Statistical Quality Control (SQC)
Statistical Quality Control (SQC) refers to the use of statistical methods to monitor and control the
quality of products and processes. It involves collecting data from production processes and using
statistical tools to identify, analyze, and correct variations in quality. SQC helps businesses maintain
consistent product standards and reduce defects.
Control Charts
Control charts are graphical tools used to monitor process behavior over time. They help identify
SESSION FEB-MAR, 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)
SEMESTER III
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB2103 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Assignment Set – 1
Q1 What do you mean by research? Explain the process of conducting research with the
help of taking a research problem into consideration. 2 + 8
Ans 1.
Meaning of Research
Research refers to a systematic and objective investigation into a specific problem, issue, or
phenomenon. It aims to discover new facts, verify existing knowledge, and develop new
theories or solutions through the application of scientific methods. Research is used in various
fields—such as business, medicine, social sciences, and technology—to support decisionmaking,
solve problems, and improve outcomes. It involves collecting, analyzing, and
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Q2 What do you understand by a research design? Briefly explain the different types of
research designs with the help of two examples under each. 3+7
Ans 2.
Meaning of Research Design
A research design is the blueprint or framework for conducting a research study. It outlines the
procedures for collecting, measuring, and analyzing data. The research design ensures that the
evidence obtained during the study is capable of addressing the research problem logically,
effectively, and economically. It helps in ensuring accuracy, objectivity, and validity of the
findings. A well-thought-out research design provides clarity on the research methodology, data
Q3 Explain the role of sampling method in business research. Differentiate between
probability and non-probability sampling techniques along with the suitable examples
under each method. 3+7
Ans 3.
Role of Sampling Method in Business Research
Sampling plays a crucial role in business research as it allows researchers to study a
representative portion of a population instead of analyzing the entire group. This makes
research more practical, cost-effective, and time-efficient. By selecting a well-structured
sample, researchers can draw valid conclusions and make informed decisions. Sampling also
enables better handling of large datasets and helps reduce the margin of error when proper
techniques are applied. In business contexts, it helps companies understand customer
preferences, market trends, employee satisfaction, and consumer behavior without needing to
Assignment Set – 2
Q4 Discuss the different situations in which primary and secondary methods of data
collection will be used. Explain the different methods of collecting primary data with
suitable examples. 5+5
Ans 4.
Situations for Using Primary and Secondary Data Collection
Primary Data Collection Usage
Primary data is first-hand, original data collected directly by the researcher for a specific
purpose. It is used when existing data is not sufficient, not relevant, or not available in the
required format. Primary data is crucial for decision-making in new product launches,
understanding customer satisfaction, or conducting behavioral studies.
Examples:
A company launching a new health drink collects consumer feedback through surveys to
Q5 What do you mean by a Questionnaire? Discuss the detailed process of designing a
questionnaire for assessing customer satisfaction of any product. 2 + 8
Ans 5.
Meaning of a Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a structured set of written or printed questions used to collect information
from respondents for the purpose of research or survey analysis. It is one of the most commonly
used tools in primary data collection. Questionnaires can be administered via paper, online
forms, email, or in-person. They are ideal for gathering quantitative data and understanding
opinions, attitudes, behaviors, and preferences of a target group. A well-designed questionnaire
Q6 Write short note on:
a) Types of Hypotheses
Ans 6.
a) Types of Hypotheses
A hypothesis is a tentative statement or assumption that proposes a possible explanation to a
phenomenon or predicts a relationship between variables. In the context of research, a
hypothesis guides the direction of the study and forms the basis for testing and analysis. There
are several types of hypotheses used in research. The null hypothesis, symbolized as H₀,
assumes that there is no significant relationship or difference between the variables under study.
SESSION FEB-MARCH 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
SEMESTER (IBIIB A)
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB2104 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Assignment Set – 1
Q1 An investor deposits Rs 1000 in a bank account for 5 years at 8 per cent interest. Find
out the amount which he will have in his account if interest is compounded:
(a) annually
(b) semi-annually
(c) quarterly
(d) monthly
Ans 1.
Compound Interest Calculation
Given:
Principal (P) = ₹1000
Time (t) = 5 years
Annual Interest Rate (r) = 8% or 0.08
We will use the Compound Interest formula:
A = P 1 +
r
n
Where:
A = Amount
P = Principal amount
r = Annual interest rate (decimal)
n = Number of times interest is compounded per year
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Q2 Calculate the cost of equity for X Ltd, which issued Rs 100 equity shares at a 10%
premium. The expected dividend at year-end is 15%, growing annually at 8%. Also, find
the cost of equity if dividend is constant.
Ans 2.
Given:
Face value of equity share = ₹100
Issue price with 10% premium = ₹100 + ₹10 = ₹110
Expected dividend (D₁) = 15% of face value = ₹15
Dividend growth rate (g) = 8% or 0.08
Current market price (P₀) = ₹110
now calculate the cost of equity under two scenarios: (a) When the dividend grows annually
(using Gordon Growth Model) (b) When the dividend remains constant (using Dividend
Discount Model with zero growth)
(a) When Dividend Grows Annually
Formula (Gordon Growth Model):
k
=
D
P
+ g
Q3 ABC Ltd is investing in a project with an initial investment of $250,000 that is expected
to produce $60,000 annually for the next 6 years. The discount rate is 18%. Evaluate the
viability of this project by using the following methods:
1. Net Present value (NPV) Method
2. Pay Back Period Method (Standard payback is 5 year) 5+5
Ans 3.
Given:
Initial investment = ₹250,000
Annual cash inflow = ₹60,000
Project duration = 6 years
Discount rate = 18%
Standard payback period = 5 years
1. Net Present Value (NPV) Method
NPV is the difference between the present value (PV) of future cash inflows and the initial
investment.
Formula:
NPV = Σ
R
1 + r − C
Where:
Assignment Set – 2
Q4 Discuss various short-term and long-term sources of finance for firm. 10
Ans 4.
Business Financing
Every business requires finance for its operations, growth, and survival. These financial needs
can be broadly categorized into short-term and long-term, depending on the duration and
purpose. While short-term finance typically supports working capital and day-to-day
operations, long-term finance is used for acquiring fixed assets, expansion, and strategic
investments. Selecting the right source of finance is crucial for maintaining liquidity,
Q5 For ABC Ltd Company, which earns Rs 10 per share, capitalized at 10%, and has a
20% return on investment:
a) Calculate the share price at a 20% dividend payout ratio, using
Walter’s model.
b) Determine if this is the optimal payout ratio as per Walter’s theory. 5+5
Ans 5.
Walter’s Model
Walter’s model is a dividend valuation model that helps determine the market price of a share
based on the relationship between the company’s return on investment (r) and its cost of equity
(kₑ). According to this model, the dividend policy of a firm does affect the value of the firm.
The model assumes internal financing, constant return and cost of capital, and infinite life of
the firm.
The formula used in Walter’s model is:
P =
D +
× E − D”
k
Where:
P = Market price per share
D = Dividend per share
Q6 What are the objectives of inventory management? Discuss various Inventory
Management Techniques. 5+5
Ans 6.
Objectives of Inventory Management
Ensuring Continuous Production: One of the primary objectives of inventory management
is to ensure an uninterrupted flow of materials and supplies required for production. By
maintaining adequate stock levels, businesses can avoid production delays due to shortages,
thereby meeting delivery deadlines and customer demand consistently.
Minimizing Inventory Costs: Effective inventory management aims to reduce costs
associated with inventory, including storage costs, insurance, handling charges, and
SESSION FEB- MAR, 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER III
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB2105 ADVERTISING AND SALES
Assignment Set – 1
Q1 Explore the concept of advertising and its five fundamental components. Illuminate the
historical development of advertising. 5+5
Ans 1.
Concept of Advertising
Advertising is a form of communication used to influence the buying behavior of consumers by
promoting a product, service, or idea. It is a paid, non-personal message communicated through
various media channels like television, radio, newspapers, social media, and billboards. The goal
of advertising is to create awareness, generate interest, and ultimately drive consumer action. It
serves as a bridge between the company and the customer, helping businesses reach their target
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Q2 Write a detailed note on any one Model of advertising, in detail. 10
Ans 2.
Introduction to Advertising Models
Advertising models help marketers understand how consumers respond to marketing
communication and how to design messages that influence them. These models outline the stages
through which a consumer passes before making a purchase decision. One of the most popular and
widely used models is the AIDA model.
AIDA Model – Overview
The AIDA model stands for Attention, Interest, Desire, and Action. It is a classic advertising
Q3 Discuss the Print Advertising. Also, explain the Characteristics of the Press, include
suitable examples to support your answer. 2+8
Ans 3.
Understanding Print Advertising
Print advertising refers to promotional messages that appear in printed media such as newspapers,
magazines, brochures, leaflets, and flyers. It is one of the oldest and most traditional forms of
advertising. Despite the rise of digital platforms, print advertising continues to play a significant
role, especially for local and regional marketing, and in sectors where detailed product
information or visuals are essential.
Print advertisements can be classified into two categories—display ads (which include graphics,
Assignment Set – 2
Q4 Explain Sales Management Strategies comprehensively, incorporating relevant examples
to substantiate your response. 10
Ans 4.
Understanding Sales Management
Sales management refers to the planning, direction, and control of personal selling activities of a
business unit. It involves recruiting, training, motivating, supervising, and evaluating the
performance of the sales force to achieve the company’s sales objectives. Effective sales
management is essential for driving revenue, building customer relationships, and gaining
Q5 Discuss the concept of Personal Selling. Detail the objectives of Personal Selling. 3+7
Ans 5.
Concept of Personal Selling
Personal selling is a form of direct communication between a company’s sales personnel and
potential customers with the goal of persuading them to purchase a product or service. It is a faceto-
face selling technique that allows for immediate feedback, adjustment of messages based on
customer responses, and the building of long-term relationships. Personal selling is highly
effective in situations where products are complex, expensive, or need customization—such as
Q6 Write a detailed note on types of Sales Organization Structures, include suitable
examples to support your answer.
Ans 6.
Understanding Sales Organization Structures
A sales organization structure defines how a company’s sales team is arranged, supervised, and
managed to meet its objectives. The structure determines the reporting relationships, distribution
of responsibilities, communication flow, and specialization of salespeople. The right structure
enhances efficiency, market coverage, and customer satisfaction.
There are several types of sales organization structures, each suited to different business models
SESSION FEB – MAR, 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER IV
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB2201 BUSINESS STRATEGY
Assignment Set – 1
1. Explain the different types of business policies and explain how they differ from
business strategies. 4+6
Ans 1.
Introduction to Business Policies
Business policies are the guidelines, rules, and procedures established by an organization to
support consistent decision-making and operational efficiency. These policies provide a
framework within which managers operate to align organizational objectives with daily
operations. They ensure uniformity in behavior and actions across various levels of the
organization and reduce ambiguity in decision-making.
Types of Business Policies
Business policies can be broadly categorized into three major types: General Policies, Specific
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2. How can tools and techniques be used to effectively guide the strategic choice process?
Ans 2.
Tools and Techniques to Guide the Strategic Choice Process
Understanding Strategic Choice
Strategic choice refers to the process of selecting the most appropriate strategy from a set of
alternatives, based on organizational goals, environmental factors, and resource capabilities.
This stage follows strategic analysis and precedes strategy implementation. To make effective
strategic choices, organizations rely on a variety of analytical tools and frameworks to support
3. Write a short note on:
i. Stability Strategy
ii. Retrenchment Strategy
Ans 3.
i. Stability Strategy
Meaning and Importance of Stability Strategy
A stability strategy is adopted by firms when they aim to maintain their current position in the
market without seeking major growth or expansion. This strategy is often suitable for
companies that operate in a relatively stable and predictable environment or have already
achieved a satisfactory level of performance. The main goal of a stability strategy is to continue
current operations efficiently, without introducing significant changes in product lines,
Assignment Set – 2
4. Strategic management employs various techniques for evaluation and control.
Elaborate on this statement by providing a detailed explanation of these techniques. 10
Ans 4.
Techniques Used in Strategic Evaluation and Control
Role of Evaluation and Control in Strategic Management
Strategic evaluation and control are essential processes in strategic management that ensure the
implemented strategies are producing the desired outcomes. These processes help an
organization remain on track by continuously assessing performance against set goals and
enabling corrective actions when needed. By employing specific techniques, managers can
5. Define the concept of business process automation and outline the key criteria for
selecting suitable automation software. 2+8
Ans 5.
Concept of Business Process Automation and Criteria for Selecting Automation Software
Understanding Business Process Automation (BPA)
Business Process Automation (BPA) refers to the use of technology to execute recurring tasks
or processes in a business where manual effort can be replaced. Its main objective is to increase
efficiency, reduce operational costs, and improve accuracy by minimizing human error. BPA
helps streamline workflows, ensure compliance, and enable better allocation of resources.
Common areas of automation include customer service, accounting, payroll, inventory
management, and data entry. Automation transforms traditional business operations into smart
6. Describe transactional and transformational leadership styles, providing illustrative
examples for each. 5+5
Ans 6.
Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles with Examples
Transactional Leadership Style
Transactional leadership is a managerial style focused on supervision, organization, and
performance through structured tasks and clear roles. It is based on a system of rewards and
punishments to motivate employees. Leaders using this style emphasize achieving short-term
goals and maintaining the status quo. They clearly define expectations, delegate tasks, and
monitor compliance. The leader-employee relationship is transactional in nature, meaning
SESSION FEB- MAR, 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER IV
COURSE CODE &
NAME
DBB2202 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Assignment Set – 1
1. Explain how MIS controls the Information in an organization.
Ans 1.
How MIS Controls Information in an Organization
MIS and Information Control
A Management Information System (MIS) is a structured, integrated system that provides
managers with tools to organize, evaluate, and manage departments efficiently. It collects data
from various departments, processes it, and presents it in the form of reports to assist in
decision-making. One of the key functions of MIS is to control the flow, storage, processing,
and usage of information within an organization, ensuring it reaches the right people at the
right time.
Information Collection and Input Control
MIS begins with data collection from both internal and external sources. Internal sources
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2. Explain the steps involved in the decision-making process, in detail 10
Ans 2.
Steps Involved in the Decision-Making Process
Understanding Decision-Making in Organizations
Decision-making is a fundamental managerial activity that involves choosing the best course
of action from a set of alternatives to achieve a desired goal. In organizations, decisions can be
strategic, tactical, or operational, depending on the nature and impact. A systematic and rational
decision-making process increases the chances of success and reduces the risk of failure. The
process involves a series of logical steps, which MIS often supports through timely information
3. Explain what is meant by BPR. What is its significance? 4 + 6
Ans 3.
Meaning and Significance of Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
Understanding the Concept of BPR
Business Process Reengineering (BPR) refers to the fundamental rethinking and radical
redesign of business processes to achieve significant improvements in performance measures
such as cost, quality, service, and speed. Unlike gradual improvement strategies, BPR involves
a complete overhaul of existing workflows, often breaking down traditional departmental
boundaries and reconfiguring processes from the ground up. The objective of BPR is not
merely to enhance processes but to reinvent them entirely for better organizational outcomes.
BPR was popularized in the early 1990s by Michael Hammer and James Champy, who
Assignment Set – 2
4. Explain the applications and systems used in e-communication.
Ans 4.
Applications and Systems Used in E-Communication
Understanding E-Communication in Modern Organizations
E-communication, or electronic communication, refers to the use of digital technologies to
exchange information across individuals, teams, and organizations. It includes the transmission
of messages, documents, audio, video, and data through electronic devices such as computers,
mobile phones, and tablets. In the digital era, e-communication plays a central role in enabling
real-time collaboration, global connectivity, and efficient information sharing. With the
growing reliance on remote work, digital transformation, and global business operations, e-
5. Explain different types of Decision Support Systems. 10
Ans 5.
Different Types of Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Understanding Decision Support Systems
A Decision Support System (DSS) is a computer-based application that helps managers and
business professionals in making informed, data-driven decisions. It combines the use of
models, data, and user-friendly interfaces to assist in solving semi-structured and unstructured
problems. DSS is not meant to replace human decision-making but to support and enhance it
by providing relevant information, analysis tools, and simulation capabilities. These systems
are highly useful in complex environments where decision-makers need to evaluate alternatives
6. Explain the various security hazards faced by an information system. 10
Ans 6.
Various Security Hazards Faced by an Information System
Introduction to Information System Security
An information system is a critical component of modern organizations, supporting operations,
communication, and decision-making. However, with increasing digitization comes the risk of
security threats that can disrupt systems, compromise data, and damage organizational
integrity. Information system security hazards refer to any event or condition that can harm
data confidentiality, integrity, or availability. These hazards may arise from both external
SESSION FEB- MAR, 2025
PROGRAM BACHLOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER 4
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB2203 MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
Assignment Set – 1
1. Explain the meaning and importance of Fund Flow Statement. How is the Fund Flow
Statement prepared? 5+5
Ans 1.
Meaning, Importance, and Preparation of Fund Flow Statement
Meaning of Fund Flow Statement
A Fund Flow Statement is a financial report that shows the movement of funds within an
organization during a specific accounting period. It explains how financial resources have been
generated and used, focusing specifically on long-term funds. Unlike the cash flow statement
which deals only with cash transactions, the fund flow statement emphasizes changes in
working capital and highlights the sources and applications of funds. It acts as a bridge between
two balance sheets, showing reasons for changes in the financial position of a company over
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2. XYZ company expects the following net cash inflows for the next five years: Rs 5,000,
Rs.10,000, Rs.10,000, Rs. 3,000, and Rs.3,000, respectively from the Project. The initial
investment of the project is Rs.20,000.
Calculate:
a. Payback period
b. Net present value when the discount rate is 10%.
c. Profitability Index 3+4+3
Ans 2.
Payback Period, NPV, and Profitability Index Calculation
Given Data:
Initial Investment = Rs. 20,000
Cash Inflows (Years 1–5) = Rs. 5,000, Rs. 10,000, Rs. 10,000, Rs. 3,000, Rs. 3,000
Discount Rate = 10%
(a) Payback Period
Cumulative Cash Inflows:
Year Cash Inflow (Rs.) Cumulative Cash Inflow (Rs.)
1 5,000 5,000
2 10,000 15,000
.
3. What is the concept of ‘Working Capital’? What factors determine the needs of
working capital and how is it measured? 3+7
Ans 3.
Concept of Working Capital, Factors Determining Its Needs, and Its Measurement
Concept of Working Capital
Working capital refers to the capital required by a business to carry out its day-to-day
operational activities such as purchasing raw materials, paying wages, managing inventories,
and handling short-term liabilities. In simple terms, working capital is the difference between
current assets and current liabilities. Current assets include cash, accounts receivable, and
inventory, while current liabilities consist of obligations like trade payables, short-term loans,
and outstanding expenses. Working capital ensures the smooth functioning of business
operations and is essential for maintaining liquidity, solvency, and operational efficiency.
Assignment Set – 2
4. Write a note on:
a. Scope of Management Accounting
b. Difference between Management accounting and Cost accounting
Ans 4.
Scope of Management Accounting and Difference Between Management Accounting and
Cost Accounting
a. Scope of Management Accounting
The scope of management accounting is vast and encompasses a wide range of activities that
help management in planning, controlling, decision-making, and performance evaluation. One
of the primary components of management accounting is financial planning and analysis.
Management accountants prepare budgets and forecasts that guide strategic and operational
decisions. These budgets help in resource allocation, performance monitoring, and identifying
5. What is Walter’s Dividend Model? Explain how it helps in determining the value of a
firm. 4+6
Ans 5.
Walter’s Dividend Model
Concept of Walter’s Dividend Model
Walter’s Dividend Model is a financial theory that establishes a relationship between a firm’s
dividend policy and its market value. Developed by Professor James E. Walter, the model
emphasizes that dividend decisions are not irrelevant, as proposed in some other models, but
in fact have a significant influence on the valuation of the firm. According to Walter, the choice
of whether a company should distribute its earnings as dividends or reinvest them back into the
6. Statement of Profit and Loss of ABC Ltd.
Particulars 31st March 2024 31st March 2025
Revenue from Operation (Sales) 7,00,000 8,50,000
Other Income 30,000 30,000
Total Revenue(I+II) 7,30,000 8,80,000
Expenses
Material Consumed
Manufacturing Expenses
Other Expenses
3,30,000
1,20,000
1,20,000
4,20,000
1,30,000
1,30,000
Total 5,70,000 6,80,000
Profit Before Tax (III-IV) 1,60,000 2,00,000
Tax @ 50% 80000 1,00,000
Profit After Tax (V-VI) 80,000 1,00,000
Prepare a Comparative Statement of Profit and Loss.
As a management accountant, write an interpretation of the comparative statement of
profit and loss. 7+3
Ans 6.
Comparative Statement of Profit and Loss for ABC Ltd.
For the Years Ended 31st March 2024 and 31st March 2025
Particulars 2023–24
(Rs.)
2024–25
(Rs.)
Absolute
Change (Rs.)
% Change (2025
over 2024)
Revenue from
Operations
7,00,000 8,50,000 1,50,000 21.43%
Other Income 30,000 30,000 0 0.00%
Total Revenue 7,30,000 8,80,000 1,50,000 20.55%
Expenses:
SESSION FEB-MAR, 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER IV
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB2204 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Assignment Set – 1
1. Briefly explain the Biogeochemical cycle. Discuss the Nitrogen cycle in detail and
explain how human activities impact the Nitrogen cycle. 5+5
Ans 1.
Biogeochemical Cycle and the Nitrogen Cycle with Human Impact
Understanding the Biogeochemical Cycle
The biogeochemical cycle refers to the natural movement of elements and nutrients through
different components of the Earth, including the biosphere (living things), lithosphere (land),
atmosphere (air), and hydrosphere (water). These cycles are essential for maintaining the
balance of life and ecosystems. Major biogeochemical cycles include the carbon cycle,
nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle, and water cycle. Each cycle ensures that essential elements
are continuously reused and recycled in forms accessible to plants, animals, and
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2. What are the two main components of an Ecosystem, explain with suitable examples.
Also describe the food chain and its importance in maintaining the balance of the
ecosystem.
Ans 2.
Components of an Ecosystem and the Role of Food Chain in Balance
Main Components of an Ecosystem with Examples
An ecosystem is a biological community of living organisms interacting with their physical
environment. It includes both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. These two
main components are essential for the structure and function of any ecosystem.
Biotic Components
The biotic components include all living organisms such as plants, animals, microorganisms,
fungi, and humans. They are further classified into producers (autotrophs), consumers
3. Write a brief comparison between renewable and non-renewable natural resources.
Ans 3.
Comparison Between Renewable and Non-Renewable Natural Resources
Understanding Renewable Natural Resources
Renewable natural resources are those that can replenish naturally over a relatively short
period of time through biological or ecological cycles. These resources are considered
sustainable as long as their usage rate does not exceed the rate of regeneration. Examples
include solar energy, wind energy, water (hydropower), biomass, and geothermal energy.
Renewable resources are often favored for environmental sustainability as they produce little
Assignment Set – 2
4. What is Biodiversity and what are its different types. Briefly comment on
Biodiversity hotspots, endangered vs endemic species. 4+6
Ans 4.
Biodiversity, Its Types, and Related Concepts
Definition of Biodiversity
Biodiversity, short for biological diversity, refers to the variety and variability of life forms
found on Earth, including animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It represents the
richness of species in an ecosystem, the genetic differences among them, and the ecosystems
they form. Biodiversity is critical for ecosystem stability, resilience, and the services it
provides to humanity such as food, medicine, clean water, and climate regulation. It also
5. Among water, air and noise pollution, which do you consider the most severe? Justify
your answer with reasons. 10
Ans 5.
The Most Severe Form of Pollution – A Case for Water Pollution
Introduction to Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution refers to the contamination of natural resources such as air, water,
and soil due to human activities. Among the various forms of pollution—air, water, and
noise—each has severe impacts on ecosystems and human health. However, water pollution
stands out as the most severe due to its widespread consequences on life forms, public health,
and food security.
Impact of Water Pollution on Human Health
Water pollution has a direct and dangerous impact on human health. Contaminated water
6. Why do we need proper management of solid waste disposal? Support your answer
with appropriate examples. 10
Ans 6.
Importance of Proper Solid Waste Management
Understanding Solid Waste Management
Solid waste refers to the unwanted or discarded material generated from households,
industries, agriculture, and commercial establishments. It includes biodegradable waste like
food, non-biodegradable items such as plastics and metals, and hazardous waste like batteries
and chemicals. Solid waste management involves the systematic collection, transportation,
treatment, and disposal of waste in a manner that minimizes environmental impact and
SESSION FEB – MAR, 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER IV
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB2205 INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
Assignment Set – 1
1. Compare Domestic and International Marketing. Highlight the differences with an
appropriate explanation. 10
Ans 1.
Comparison of Domestic and International Marketing
Understanding Domestic Marketing
Domestic marketing refers to the marketing activities carried out within the geographical
boundaries of a single country. It involves selling products and services in a familiar cultural,
political, legal, and economic environment. Since the business operates in its home country, it
is subject to local regulations, uses a uniform pricing strategy, and deals with a relatively
homogeneous customer base. The marketing efforts are often simplified as businesses have
in-depth knowledge of customer preferences, buying behavior, and regional market
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2. Write a detailed note on Economic Environment to International Marketing. What
are major parameters to evaluate the Economic Environment? 5+5
Ans 2.
Economic Environment in International Marketing and Evaluation Parameters
Role of Economic Environment in International Marketing
The economic environment refers to the overall economic conditions and variables that
influence a company’s operations in a specific country or region. In the context of
international marketing, understanding the economic environment is essential because it
directly affects purchasing power, consumer demand, pricing, distribution channels, and
investment decisions. A favorable economic environment enables companies to expand
smoothly, while an unfavorable one may create risks and uncertainties.
International marketers must analyze macroeconomic indicators such as gross domestic
3. Detail the concept of Sampling. Further explain the various methods of Sampling,
include suitable examples to support your answer. 2+8
Ans 3.
Concept of Sampling and Its Methods with Examples
Concept of Sampling
Sampling is a statistical technique used in research and marketing to select a smaller,
manageable group (called a sample) from a larger population for the purpose of studying and
drawing conclusions about the entire population. Instead of collecting data from every
individual in a target population, sampling allows marketers to gain insights by examining a
subset, saving both time and cost. In international marketing research, where accessing global
customers can be challenging, sampling becomes essential for market segmentation,
Assignment Set – 2
4. What is Packaging? What importance does it enjoys in International Marketing? 4+6
Ans 4.
Concept and Importance of Packaging in International Marketing
What is Packaging?
Packaging refers to the process of designing and enclosing a product in a suitable container or
wrapping to ensure its protection, preservation, and appeal. It involves the physical material
(such as plastic, paper, metal, or glass), the structural design, and the information displayed
on the product. Packaging is not only about the visual appeal but also serves functional roles
including safety, ease of transportation, storage, and information dissemination. In
international marketing, packaging becomes even more crucial as it must meet diverse
5. Explain the concept of Personal Selling. Detail the importance, advantages, and
disadvantages of Personal Selling. 3+7
Ans 5.
Concept, Importance, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Personal Selling
Concept of Personal Selling
Personal selling is a direct, face-to-face communication between a sales representative and a
prospective customer with the aim of persuading the customer to make a purchase. It is a
personalized form of promotion that allows the seller to explain the features, benefits, and
advantages of a product or service in real time while addressing the specific needs and
concerns of the buyer. Personal selling plays a vital role in business-to-business (B2B)
transactions and in selling high-value or complex products like machinery, real estate,
6. Write a detailed note on Exporting along with its types, while explaining its
advantages and disadvantages, include suitable examples to support your answer. 10
Ans 6.
Exporting – Concept, Types, Advantages, and Disadvantages
Understanding the Concept of Exporting
Exporting refers to the process of selling goods and services produced in one country to
customers in another country. It is one of the oldest and most common methods of entering
international markets. Exporting allows businesses to expand their market reach, increase
sales, and utilize excess production capacity. Companies can either export directly to foreign
customers or indirectly through intermediaries such as agents, distributors, or export houses.
It is a relatively low-risk and low-investment strategy for international expansion compared
SESSION FEBRUARY-MARCH, 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER IV
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB2206 RURAL MARKETING
Assignment Set – 1
1. List the five key components of the rural marketing environment as per the STEP
model and briefly describe each. 10
Ans 1.
Five Key Components of the Rural Marketing Environment – STEP Model
Socio-Cultural Environment
The socio-cultural environment in rural marketing refers to the beliefs, traditions, customs,
values, and social norms that define the lifestyle and behavior of people living in rural areas.
In rural India, joint family systems, religious faith, caste structure, and community-driven
behavior play a major role in influencing purchasing decisions. Marketers must understand
these social dynamics to design products, services, and communication strategies that resonate
with the rural audience. For example, religious festivals often drive high consumer demand,
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2. Explain why rural consumers rely more on opinion leaders than urban consumers, for
purchase decisions. 10
Ans 2.
Rural Consumers and the Role of Opinion Leaders in Purchase Decisions
Limited Exposure to Media and Advertising
Rural consumers often have restricted access to mass media such as newspapers, the internet,
and television due to factors like low literacy levels, inconsistent electricity supply, and lack
of infrastructure. As a result, their awareness about brands, products, and promotional
campaigns is limited compared to urban consumers. In such an environment, personal
communication becomes more trusted and effective. Opinion leaders—respected individuals
such as teachers, local shopkeepers, village heads, or social workers—act as informal channels
3. Summarize the role of advertising in rural markets and discuss two unique challenges
faced by advertisers in these areas. 5+5
Ans 3.
Role of Advertising in Rural Markets and Challenges Faced
Role of Advertising in Rural Markets
Advertising plays a significant role in connecting brands with rural consumers by creating
awareness, building trust, and influencing buying behavior. In rural markets, where access to
modern media is limited and literacy levels are low, advertising serves as an essential tool for
educating consumers about products, their usage, pricing, and availability. It bridges the
communication gap between companies and rural audiences, helping introduce new products
Assignment Set – 2
4. A rural agro-business faces frequent price fluctuations and post-harvest losses. Suggest
three risk-minimization strategies from the text and justify how each would address these
challenges. 10
Ans 4.
Risk-Minimization Strategies for Agro-Business in Rural Areas
Contract Farming Agreements
One effective strategy for minimizing price fluctuations and post-harvest losses in rural agrobusiness
is adopting contract farming. This involves entering into agreements with large
agribusiness companies or food processing units, where farmers agree to grow crops under
predefined terms regarding price, quantity, and quality. This strategy ensures that farmers
receive a guaranteed price for their produce, irrespective of market fluctuations, thereby
protecting them from unexpected drops in commodity prices. It also often includes support
5. Analyze the key characteristics of rural consumer behavior in India and discuss how
they differ from urban consumer behavior. Support your answer with relevant example
Ans 5.
Characteristics of Rural Consumer Behavior in India and Differences from Urban
Consumers
Key Characteristics of Rural Consumer Behavior in India
Rural consumer behavior in India is shaped by a unique combination of economic, social, and
cultural factors.
Value-Consciousness.
One of the most prominent characteristics is value-consciousness. Rural consumers prioritize
price and durability over brand image or product features. They seek products that offer
maximum utility at an affordable price. As most rural incomes are seasonal and depend on
6. Identify and describe the key bases used for segmenting the rural market. How can
marketers effectively use these segmentation bases to target different consumer groups
in rural India?
Ans 6.
Segmentation Bases in Rural Markets and Their Marketing Application
Key Bases for Segmenting the Rural Market
Segmentation in rural marketing involves dividing the vast and diverse rural population into
smaller, manageable consumer groups with similar needs or characteristics. One key base is
Geographic Segmentation
Geographic segmentation, where rural consumers are categorized by location—villages,
districts, climate zones, or accessibility. Marketers may target villages in irrigated zones for
SESSION FEBRUARY – MARCH 2025
PROGRAM MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(MBA)
SEMESTER 6
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB3201 CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP
MANAGEMENT
Assignment Set – 1
1. How does Customer Relationship Management (CRM) contribute to building strong
customer relationships, and why is it essential for businesses? 5+5
Ans 1.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a strategic approach that combines processes,
technologies, and human resources to manage and enhance interactions with customers. By
leveraging data and insights into customer preferences, behaviors, and history, CRM systems
facilitate personalized interactions, fostering deeper relationships and customer loyalty. This
strategic importance arises from the increasing emphasis on customer satisfaction and
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2. What are the key steps involved in the adoption and implementation of a CRM process
in an organization? 5+5
Ans 2.
Key Steps in Adoption and Implementation of CRM Process in an Organization
The adoption and implementation of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in
organizations require a structured approach involving multiple critical steps. A well-planned
CRM implementation ensures that the system effectively aligns with organizational goals,
integrates seamlessly with business processes, and maximizes return on investment. This
approach involves understanding organizational needs, meticulous planning, execution,
3. How is CRM utilized differently in the BFSI sector compared to the telecom or
hospitality industries?
Ans 3.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is strategically utilized across various industries
to nurture and retain customers by addressing their unique preferences, expectations, and
experiences. The application and focus of CRM strategies notably differ in the Banking,
Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) sector compared to industries like Telecom and
Hospitality due to varying customer interactions, business goals, and regulatory frameworks.
Understanding these differences is critical to effectively customizing CRM to sector-specific n
Assignment Set – 2
4. How do interactive technologies enhance CRM, and what are the key types of
technologies used in CRM implementation? 3+7
Ans 4.
Interactive Technologies Enhancing CRM and Key Types of Technologies Used in CRM
Implementation
Interactive technologies significantly enhance Customer Relationship Management (CRM) by
facilitating dynamic and meaningful interactions between organizations and customers. Such
technologies improve engagement, personalize experiences, and boost customer satisfaction,
leading to stronger relationships and loyalty. Leveraging advanced interactive technologies has
become essential for businesses aiming for competitive advantage and superior customer
engagement.
Role of Interactive Technologies in Enhancing CRM
Interactive technologies transform CRM by enabling real-time, personalized, and responsive
5. What are the major challenges organizations face while implementing a CRM system,
and how can internal marketing help in building organizational capabilities? 5+5
Ans 5.
Implementing a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system can significantly enhance
business-customer interactions, streamline operations, and boost customer satisfaction.
However, organizations frequently encounter considerable challenges during CRM
implementation. Effective internal marketing can mitigate these challenges by aligning
employees’ perceptions, skills, and commitment with the organization’s CRM objectives,
6. Why is customer retention crucial in CRM, and how can businesses develop effective
customer retention plans based on customer defections? 3+7
Ans 6.
Importance of Customer Retention in CRM and Developing Retention Plans from
Customer Defections
Customer retention is an essential aspect of Customer Relationship Management (CRM),
focusing on maintaining profitable, long-term relationships with existing customers.
Businesses prioritize retention because loyal customers drive sustained profitability, reduce
acquisition costs, and enhance competitive advantage. By analyzing reasons behind customer
defections, organizations can proactively devise targeted retention strategies to address specific
SESSION FEBRUARY – MARCH 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER VI
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB3202 DIGITAL MARKETING
Assignment Set – 1
1. Define e-marketing. Describe the advantages of e-marketing 3+7
Ans 1.
Definition of E-Marketing
E-marketing, also known as digital marketing or internet marketing, refers to the practice of
promoting products or services using digital channels such as websites, search engines, social
media platforms, emails, and mobile apps. It uses the internet as a primary medium for
communication between businesses and their target customers. E-marketing enables companies
to reach wider audiences, customize marketing campaigns, and track consumer behavior with
the help of digital tools and analytics. It encompasses a wide range of strategies including SEO
(Search Engine Optimization), PPC (Pay-Per-Click), content marketing, email marketing,
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2. Write a short note on
a. E-Commerce models
b. Advantages of e-commerce.
Ans 2.
a. E-Commerce Models
E-commerce models represent the structure and flow of online business transactions. These
models describe how businesses interact with their customers, partners, and other businesses
in the digital space. The primary e-commerce models include:
Business to Consumer (B2C): In this model, businesses sell products or services directly to
consumers through online platforms. Examples include Amazon and Flipkart.
Business to Business (B2B): This involves transactions between businesses, such as a
3. Identify the key factors driving business success in the virtual world.
Ans 3.
Robust Online Presence and Visibility
A crucial factor driving business success in the virtual world is establishing a strong online
presence. This involves developing an appealing, user-friendly website, leveraging search
engine optimization (SEO), and maintaining active social media channels. Businesses that
consistently appear at the top of search engine results or actively engage users on social
Assignment Set – 2
4. Describe in detail the advantages of co-creation in marketing with suitable examples.
Ans 4.
Enhanced Customer Engagement
Co-creation involves active collaboration between companies and customers in product design,
service improvement, and innovation processes. This active participation significantly
increases customer engagement and creates a sense of ownership among consumers. For
example, LEGO Ideas, a platform allowing fans to submit product ideas, increases customer
loyalty and brand attachment by directly involving users in product creation.
Improved Product Innovation
Co-creation leads to innovative products tailored precisely to customer needs. By directly
5. Discuss the key aspects of brand consumer centricity. Highlight the prominent features
of online distribution. 5+5
Ans 5.
Key Aspects of Brand Consumer Centricity and Prominent Features of Online
Distribution
Key Aspects of Brand Consumer Centricity
Consumer centricity refers to the strategic approach where businesses prioritize consumer
needs, preferences, and behaviors at every stage of product development, marketing, and
customer service. The primary goal of consumer-centric brands is to deliver personalized,
meaningful experiences that foster loyalty and trust. A key aspect of consumer centricity is
customer understanding, which involves comprehensive market research and analytics to
capture insights into customer expectations. By utilizing these insights, businesses can tailor
6. List the different techniques for engaging consumers and explain the significance of
content management. 5+5
Ans 6.
Techniques for Engaging Consumers and Significance of Content Management
Techniques for Engaging Consumers
Effective consumer engagement is crucial for brand success, particularly in digital
environments. Among various techniques, interactive content stands out as highly effective.
Brands employ quizzes, surveys, games, and virtual reality experiences to encourage consumer
participation, deepening emotional connections. Social media platforms are instrumental for
consumer engagement, enabling brands to maintain continuous two-way dialogues with
consumers through comments, likes, shares, and live interactions. Companies frequently host
SESSION FEBRUARY-MARCH, 2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER VI
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB3321 MODERN RETAIL MANAGEMENT
PROCESS AND RETAIL SERVICES
Assignment Set – 1
1. Describe the different types of retailing with help of examples. 10
Ans 1.
Department Stores
Department stores are large-scale retail establishments offering a wide range of product
categories, including apparel, home furnishings, cosmetics, electronics, and groceries, all under
one roof. They emphasize customer convenience by providing extensive merchandise choices
and often employ trained sales personnel to enhance the shopping experience. For instance,
Shopper’s Stop in India, Macy’s in the United States, and Marks & Spencer in the United
Kingdom exemplify prominent department stores that cater to diverse customer needs.
Specialty Stores
Specialty stores focus on selling a particular category or type of product, providing extensive
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2. What do you understand by retail segmentation? Discuss the importance in targeting
different customer groups. 3+7
Ans 2.
Retail Segmentation and Its Importance in Targeting Different Customer Groups
Understanding Retail Segmentation
Retail segmentation involves dividing the overall market into distinct groups or segments based
on specific characteristics, preferences, buying behaviors, or demographic factors. Retailers
utilize segmentation to clearly identify and define different consumer categories, enabling more
targeted and effective marketing strategies. Common segmentation criteria include
demographics (age, gender, income), geographic locations, psychographic profiles (lifestyle,
3. Why is retail strategy important for achieving market share in a highly competitive
market? How does a well-defined retail strategy impact a retailer’s success? What role
does retail strategy play in navigating a competitive market? 3+3+4
Ans 3.
Importance of Retail Strategy for Achieving Market Share
Understanding the Competitive Environment
In today’s highly competitive retail environment, having a well-formulated retail strategy is
essential to secure and expand market share. As consumers are presented with multiple choices
across various brands and platforms, retailers must differentiate themselves to remain relevant.
A retail strategy helps define a unique value proposition, enabling retailers to capture the
attention of target customers and stay ahead of the competition.
Focusing on Target Markets
A clear retail strategy guides businesses in identifying and targeting specific consumer
Assignment Set – 2
4. Discuss the different factors which are responsible for growth of organized retailing.
Ans 4.
Economic and Demographic Factors
Rising Disposable Incomes
One of the most influential factors in the growth of organized retailing is the increase in
disposable incomes across urban and semi-urban areas. As consumers have more spending
power, they are shifting from traditional unorganized formats to organized retail outlets that
offer better shopping experiences, discounts, and branded goods. This transition is driving
demand for large retail chains and malls.
Urbanization and Lifestyle Changes
The rapid pace of urbanization has altered consumer lifestyles, creating a need for convenient,
5. What are the key features or modules typically included in CRM software? 10
Ans 5.
Key Features or Modules Typically Included in CRM Software
Customer Data Management
One of the foundational features of any Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software
is customer data management. This module stores all customer-related information such as
name, contact details, purchase history, preferences, communication records, and feedback in
a centralized database. Having easy access to accurate and up-to-date data allows businesses
to personalize interactions, respond to customer inquiries efficiently, and maintain long-term
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of going green in modern retail
management.
Ans 6.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Green in Modern Retail Management
Advantages of Going Green
Enhanced Brand Image and Customer Loyalty
One of the major advantages of adopting green practices in retail is the positive impact on brand
image. Modern consumers are increasingly environmentally conscious and prefer brands that
show responsibility toward sustainability. Retailers that use eco-friendly packaging, energyefficient
lighting, and promote reusable bags often attract customers who are willing to support
SESSION FEBRUARY- MARCH,2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER VI
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB3322 RETAIL PROJECT PROPERTY
MANAGEMENT AND CASE STUDIES IN RETAIL
Assignment Set – 1
1. Describe the Duties of the property manager and characteristics of a property. 5+5
Ans 1.
Duties of the Property Manager
Maintenance and Upkeep
One of the core duties of a property manager is to ensure that the property is well-maintained
and in good condition at all times. This includes managing routine repairs, scheduling
inspections, overseeing janitorial services, and coordinating with technicians for HVAC,
plumbing, or electrical systems. Timely maintenance protects the value of the asset and ensures
tenant satisfaction.
Tenant Management
Property managers are responsible for screening potential tenants, handling lease agreements,
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2. Explain the Different Sources for buying a property. 10
Ans 2.
Direct Purchase from Developers
New Construction Projects
One of the most common sources of buying property is through real estate developers. These
are generally newly launched or under-construction residential and commercial properties.
Buyers can choose units based on layout, floor plans, and location within the complex.
Developers often offer flexible payment plans and pre-launch discounts to attract buyers.
Ready-to-Move Properties
Some developers offer ready-to-occupy properties which eliminate the waiting period. These
3. Discuss the role of property in Business & property life cycle. 2+8
Ans 3.
Role of Property in Business
Foundation of Business Operations
Property plays a critical role in business by providing the physical space necessary to carry out
operations. Whether it’s a retail store, office, warehouse, or manufacturing unit, having access
to appropriate property enables smooth business functioning. For retailers, the location and
visibility of the property can directly impact foot traffic and sales performance.
Asset and Investment Value
In many businesses, property is not just a place of operation but also a valuable financial asset.
Assignment Set – 2
4. Explain the different ways to Manage Retail Property. 10
Ans 4.
Lease and Rental Management
Tenant Relations and Documentation
One of the primary aspects of retail property management is handling lease agreements and
maintaining good relationships with tenants. This includes drafting, renewing, and terminating
lease contracts, collecting rent, and managing security deposits. Clear documentation ensures
transparency and minimizes legal disputes.
Rent Collection and Escalation
Property managers must ensure timely rent collection and apply escalation clauses as per
5. Factors Affecting Retail Property Value & Methods of property evaluation. 3+7
Ans 5.
Factors Affecting Retail Property Value
Location and Accessibility
One of the most significant factors influencing retail property value is its location. Properties
located in high-traffic commercial areas with proximity to transportation hubs, residential
neighborhoods, and popular landmarks typically command higher value. Easy accessibility for
6. Enumerate Maintenance of Retail property give with suitable examples. 10
Ans 6.
Preventive Maintenance
Scheduled Checks and Repairs
Preventive maintenance refers to routine inspections and timely servicing of equipment to
avoid breakdowns. This includes HVAC servicing, plumbing inspections, electrical system
checks, and fire safety system testing. For example, a retail mall may schedule monthly
inspections of its escalators and elevators to ensure smooth functioning and safety for
SESSION FEBRUARY- MARCH,2025
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(BBA)
SEMESTER VI
COURSE CODE & NAME DBB3323 MERCHANDISING AND SUPPLY CHAIN
MANAGEMENT
Assignment Set – 1
1. Write a detailed note on management of Product Life Cycle. 10
Ans 1.
Product Life Cycle (PLC)
The Product Life Cycle (PLC) is a business concept that describes the stages a product goes
through from its launch in the market until it is withdrawn. The PLC consists of four main
stages: Introduction, Growth, Maturity, and Decline. Each stage presents unique challenges
and opportunities, requiring distinct marketing, financial, and operational strategies. Managing
the PLC effectively allows companies to maintain profitability and competitive advantage
while optimizing product offerings throughout its lifecycle.
Stage 1: Introduction Stage
This stage begins when a product is introduced to the market. It typically follows a period of
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2. Explain different types of supply chain strategies. 10
Ans 2.
Supply Chain Strategies
A supply chain strategy defines how a company organizes and manages its supply chain
processes to achieve operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and competitive advantage.
Different businesses require different supply chain strategies depending on their industry type,
market demands, product nature, and business goals. A well-crafted strategy ensures smooth
coordination between procurement, production, logistics, and customer service, leading to cost
3. What do you understand by the term ‘Retailing’? Explain different types of retailing.
Ans 3.
Meaning of Retailing
Retailing refers to the process of selling goods and services directly to the final consumer for
personal or household use. It forms the final link in the supply chain and acts as the point of
contact between the producer and the consumer. Retailing involves a range of activities such
as buying, storing, advertising, and selling. The primary objective of retailing is to satisfy
consumer needs by offering products in convenient locations, in the required quantity, and at
the right time. It plays a vital role in the economy by generating employment, encouraging
Assignment Set – 2
4. Elaborate the concept of category management. Discuss the process of category
management. 3 + 7
Ans 4.
Concept of Category Management
Category management is a retailing and supply chain strategy in which products are managed
as individual business units called “categories” rather than as separate items or brands. It
involves grouping similar products that satisfy a common consumer need—for example, all
dairy products, toiletries, or snacks. The main objective of category management is to optimize
product selection, pricing, promotion, and shelf placement to maximize overall category
performance rather than focusing on individual products. It is a customer-centric approach that
5. Explain the term Information System. Also, throw some light on the components of
informational system. 3 + 7
Ans 5.
Meaning of Information System
An Information System (IS) is a structured framework that collects, processes, stores, and
distributes information to support decision-making, coordination, control, analysis, and
visualization within an organization. It acts as a bridge between data and decision-makers by
converting raw data into meaningful insights. Information systems can be manual or computerbased
and are crucial for improving efficiency, communication, and strategic planning in both
retail and supply chain management.
In the modern business environment, information systems enable companies to track inventory,
6. Highlight some advantages and drawbacks of visual merchandising. 10
Ans 6.
Advantages and Drawbacks of Visual Merchandising
Visual Merchandising
Visual merchandising refers to the presentation and display of products in a retail environment
in a way that attracts and engages customers, ultimately encouraging them to make a purchase.
It includes the design of window displays, store layout, signage, lighting, product placement,
and use of colors and themes. Visual merchandising creates a positive shopping experience,
communicates brand identity, and influences buying behavior.
Retailers use visual merchandising as a tool to capture attention, differentiate from competitors,