MUJ B.COM 1 SEM Solved Assignments JULY- AUG 2025
| SESSION | JULY-AUG 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B.COM) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCM1101 GENERAL ENGLISH |
Set – 1
Q1. Critically examine the evolution of the English language from Old English to Modern English, highlighting the major linguistic, historical, and cultural influences that shaped its development. Discuss with suitable examples from each period. 5*2
Ans 1.
Evolution of English from Old English to Middle English
Old English Period (c. 450–1100 AD)
The evolution of English begins with Old English, a language brought to Britain by the Anglo-Saxons: the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Old English was heavily influenced by Germanic roots, and its vocabulary and grammar reflected the structure of Germanic languages. It was a highly inflected language, meaning that word endings conveyed grammatical meaning. Examples include “hwæt,” “cyning,” “wīf,” and “stān.” The famous epic Beowulf is an excellent representation of Old English, featuring strong Germanic
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Q2. Distinguish between main (independent) and subordinate (dependent) clauses with suitable examples. How do different types of subordinate clauses—noun, adjective, and adverb clauses, contribute to sentence variety and precision? 5*2
Ans 2.
Main (Independent) and Subordinate (Dependent) Clauses
Main Clause
A main clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb that can stand alone as a complete sentence. It expresses a complete thought. For example:
“She completed her assignment.”
Here, “She” is the subject and “completed” is the verb; the clause makes complete sense independently. Main clauses often form the central idea of a sentence, and subordinate
Q3. Write short notes on the following with examples:
(a) Adverbs of frequency
(b) Inversion with adverbs
(c) Prepositions of place
(d) Compound prepositions 2.5*4
Ans 3.
(a) Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency tell us how often an action takes place. They include words like always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, and never. These adverbs are used to describe habitual actions or repeated events. For example:
“She always wakes up early.”
Here, “always” shows that the action happens regularly. Adverbs of frequency generally come before the main verb but after the verb “to be.” They help provide clarity about the
Set – 2
Q4. What are the different types of Sentences? Explain in detail using examples. 5*2
Ans 4.
Types of Sentences Based on Structure
Simple Sentences
A simple sentence contains one independent clause with a subject and a verb. It expresses a complete thought and is the most basic form of sentence construction. For example: “The students laughed.” This sentence has only one idea and one clause. Although simple, such sentences play an important role in communication by providing clarity and directness. Simple sentences may also contain phrases but not additional clauses. For instance: “The boy
Q5. What is intonation? Describe its types with examples. Discuss the difference between stress and intonation. 2+3+5
Ans 5.
Meaning of Intonation
Intonation refers to the rise and fall of the voice while speaking. It is an essential feature of spoken English that conveys meaning beyond words. Intonation helps express emotions, attitude, emphasis, and intentions. For example, the same sentence “You’re coming today” can sound like a question, a statement, or even a complaint depending on the speaker’s intonation. It guides listeners to interpret meaning correctly.
Types of Intonation
Falling Intonation
Falling intonation occurs when the voice drops at the end of a sentence. It is commonly used
Q6. Distinguish between homonyms, homophones, and homographs with examples. 10
Ans 6.
Homonyms, Homophones, and Homographs
Homonyms
Homonyms are words that have the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings. They create ambiguity unless understood through context. For example, the word “bat” may refer to a flying mammal or a cricket bat. Similarly, “bank” may mean a financial institution or the side of a river. Homonyms enrich the language but can confuse learners. They require
| SESSION | JULY-AUG 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B COM) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCM1102 ECONOMIC THEORY |
Set – 1
Q1. Explain the following: 10
A Applications of Law of Demand 5
B Short-run Costs 5
Ans 1.
- Applications of the Law of Demand
The Law of Demand states that, other things remaining constant, the quantity demanded of a good increases when its price falls, and decreases when its price rises. This fundamental concept has several practical applications in business, economics, and daily life. One important application is in business pricing decisions. Firms carefully study how consumers respond to price changes before fixing the price of goods. For products where demand is highly elastic, even a small price rise may reduce total revenue. Therefore, the law guides
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Q2. Discuss the factors affecting the Law of Supply. 10
Ans 2.
Factors Affecting the Law of Supply
Nature of the Law of Supply
The Law of Supply states that, other factors remaining constant, the quantity supplied of a good increases when its price increases, and decreases when its price falls. Producers are motivated by profit, so higher prices encourage them to produce and supply more. However, the law operates under specific conditions, and several factors can influence the ability or willingness of suppliers to respond to price changes.
Cost of Production
One of the most important factors affecting supply is the cost of production. When
Q3. Explain the Law of Variable Proportion in detail. 10
Ans 3.
Law of Variable Proportion
Law
The Law of Variable Proportion, also known as the Law of Diminishing Returns, explains the relationship between input and output when one factor varies while the others remain fixed. It applies in the short run, where land, machinery, or factory size cannot be changed, but labour or raw materials can be varied. The law helps firms understand how output responds to
Set – 2
Q4. Discuss briefly the different types of market. 10
Ans 4.
Different Types of Market
A market refers to a place, system, or arrangement where buyers and sellers interact for the exchange of goods and services. Markets may or may not be physical spaces; they can also exist in digital or virtual form. The structure of a market depends on the number of buyers and sellers, the nature of the product, price control, and the freedom of entry or exit. Different types of markets operate in an economy, each with unique characteristics influencing price,
Q5. Explain the criticisms of Marginal Productivity Theory of Wages. 10
Ans 5.
Criticisms of the Marginal Productivity Theory of Wages
The Marginal Productivity Theory of Wages states that workers are paid wages equal to the value of their marginal productivity. According to this theory, a firm continues hiring labour until the value of the marginal product equals the wage rate. Although influential in explaining wage determination, the theory has been widely criticized for its unrealistic
Q6. Explain The Fisher’s Time Preference Theory of Interest. 10
Ans 6.
Fisher’s Time Preference Theory of Interest
Fisher’s Time Preference Theory, developed by economist Irving Fisher, explains interest as a reward for postponing current consumption. According to this theory, individuals prefer present consumption over future consumption. To induce people to save or invest rather than consume immediately, they must be compensated with interest. Thus, interest arises due to the preference for present goods over future goods.
Time Preference and Human Behaviour
The foundation of the theory lies in the idea that people value present goods more because
| SESSION | JULY-AUGUST 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B.COM) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCM1103 -FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCOUNTING-1 |
Set – 1
Q1. Explain the objectives of accounting and elaborate on the uses of accounting for various stakeholders. 5+5
Ans 1.
Objectives of Accounting
Accounting is a systematic process of identifying, recording, classifying, and summarizing financial transactions of a business to provide useful information for decision-making.
One of the primary objectives of accounting is to maintain a complete and accurate record of financial transactions. Every business engages in numerous transactions daily, and recording them properly ensures that financial information remains organized and easily retrievable whenever required. This helps avoid disputes, confusion, and errors in business
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Q2. Explain the four Accounting Conventions. 10
Ans 2.
Four Accounting Conventions
Convention of Conservatism
The Convention of Conservatism states that accountants should follow a cautious approach while recording transactions. It suggests that anticipated losses should be recorded, but anticipated gains should not be recorded until they are realized. This helps prevent overstating profits or assets. For example, creating provisions for doubtful debts ensures that the business remains financially realistic. This convention builds reliability and prevents
Q3. Prepare a double- column Cash book with cash and bank columns from the following transactions for the Month of March 2025 –
| Date (March 2025) | Particulars | Amount in Rs |
| 1st | Cash in hand | 15,000 |
| 3rd | Purchased goods for cash | 6,000 |
| 5th | Deposited cash in bank | 5,000 |
| 8th | Cash Sales | 10,000 |
| 10th | Paid to Chander by Cheque | 2,500 |
| 15th | Sold goods to Ashok Mehta on credit | 4,000 |
| 16th | Received cheque from Mohan and deposited into bank the same day | 7,000 |
| 18th | Received cheque from Ashok Mehta and deposited into bank | 2,000 |
| 30th | Purchased goods from Mr. Chander on credit. | 5000 |
| 31st | Bank charges for the month | 200 |
Ans 3.
Double Column Cash Book
For the Month of March 2025
| Date | Particulars | L.F. | Cash (Dr) | Bank (Dr) | Date | Particulars | L.F. | Cash (Cr) | Bank (Cr) |
| Mar 1 | To Balance b/d | 15,000 | – | Mar 3 | By Purchases A/c | 6,000 | – | ||
| Mar 5 | To Cash A/c (C) | – | 5,000 | Mar 5 | By Bank A/c (C) | 5,000 | – | ||
| Mar 8 | To Sales A/c | 10,000 | – | Mar 10 | By Chander A/c | – | 2,500 |
Q4. Explain the terms capital expenditure and revenue expenditure with relevant examples. Also explain the meaning of the term contingent liability. 7+3
Ans 4.
Capital Expenditure
Capital expenditure refers to the amount spent by a business for acquiring long-term assets or improving existing assets to increase their productive capacity. These expenses provide benefits for more than one accounting period, meaning they contribute to business operations over several years. Capital expenditure is not charged to the Profit and Loss Account in full during the year of spending. Instead, it is capitalized and shown as an asset in the Balance
Q5. Differentiate between the SLM and WDV methods of providing depreciation. 10
Ans 5.
Difference Between Straight Line Method (SLM) and Written Down Value Method (WDV)
Meaning of SLM
The Straight Line Method is a method of calculating depreciation where a fixed amount is written off every year over the useful life of an asset. Depreciation is calculated on the original cost of the asset. Since the depreciation expense remains constant, the book value decreases uniformly year after year. This method is simple to calculate and appropriate when
Q6. Prepare the Trading and Profit and Loss Account of Shiva & Sons for the year ended 31st March 2024, in proper format, clearly mentioning the Gross profit and Net profit for the year ended 31st March 2024.
Closing stock was valued at Rs 200,000.
| Particulars | Amount | Particulars | Amount |
| Opening stock | 100,000 | Sales | 8,20,000 |
| General Expenses | 20,000 | Purchases Returns | 5,000 |
| Purchases | 400,000 | Creditors | 50,000 |
| Carriage outward | 20,000 | Capital | 360,000 |
| Wages | 100,000 | Carriage Inwards | 5,000 |
| Salaries | 60,000 | Drawings | 40,000 |
| Office Rent | 50,000 | Debtors | 3,00,000 |
| Sales returns | 10,000 | Advertising | 20,000 |
| Machinery | 70,000 | Cash | 40,000 |
Ans 6.
Net Sales = Sales – Sales Returns
= 8,20,000 – 10,000 = ₹8,10,000
Net Purchases = Purchases – Purchases Returns
= 4,00,000 – 5,000 = ₹3,95,000
| SESSION | JULY-AUG 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (B COM) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCM1104 BUSINESS ORGANISATION |
Set – 1
Q1. Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of Joint Stock Companies. 5+5
Ans 1.
(a) Advantages of Joint Stock Companies
A Joint Stock Company is one of the most significant forms of business organization because it provides a structured way to raise large amounts of capital and operate on a large scale. One major advantage of this form is limited liability, which protects shareholders from personal financial risk. Their liability is restricted only to the amount invested, and personal assets remain safe even if the company faces losses. This encourages wider participation from investors who prefer security in business dealings.
Another key advantage is the ability to raise substantial capital. Since ownership is divided
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Q2. Write a short note on:
A Systematic Risks 5
B Primary Sector of Business 5
Ans 2.
- Systematic Risks
Systematic risk refers to the type of risk that affects the entire market or the economy as a whole. Unlike unsystematic risk, which is tied to a specific company or sector, systematic risk arises from external and uncontrollable factors. Examples include inflation, interest rate changes, recession, global crises, political instability, and currency fluctuations. These risks cannot be eliminated through diversification because they influence all industries
Q3. Describe the factors affecting the size of the business. 10
Ans 3.
Factors Affecting the Size of a Business
Nature of the Industry
The size of a business is influenced first by the nature of the industry in which it operates. Some industries naturally require large-scale operations due to heavy investment, specialized machinery, and complex processes. Examples include steel, automobiles, textiles, cement, and petrochemicals. These industries cannot thrive on a small scale because production efficiency increases only with larger operations. On the other hand, activities such as tailoring, bakery work, handicrafts, or tutoring can function effectively on a small scale since
Set – 2
Q4. Discuss in detail the different types of business combinations. 10
Ans 4.
Different Types of Business Combinations
Business Combinations
Business combinations refer to the joining together of two or more business units with the goal of achieving mutual benefits such as increased market share, reduced competition, improved efficiency, or expanded resources. Such combinations help firms grow, survive competitive pressures, and achieve economies of scale. The rise of globalization and technological advancement has further increased the need for strategic alliances among
Q5. Explain the role of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in promoting and protecting the interests of the Indian business community. 10
Ans 5.
Role of FICCI in Promoting and Protecting Indian Business Interests
FICCI
The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) is one of India’s oldest and most influential business organizations. Established in 1927, it serves as a bridge between the government, industries, and policymakers. FICCI plays a critical role in shaping economic policies and supporting the growth of Indian businesses both domestically and
Q6. Describe the objectives and key provisions of the Competition Act, 2002. 10
Ans 6.
Objectives and Key Provisions of the Competition Act, 2002
The Competition Act, 2002 was enacted to replace the earlier Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act. Its main purpose is to promote fair competition in the Indian market, prevent anti-competitive practices, and protect consumer interests. The Act is enforced by the Competition Commission of India (CCI).
Objectives of the Competition Act
A key objective of the Act is to prevent practices that adversely affect competition. This
| SESSION | JULY-AUG 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (BCOM) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCM1105 PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT |
Set – 1
Q1. Define management and explain its nature and significance. 2+4+4
Ans 1.
Management
Management is the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the efforts of people and the use of organizational resources to achieve predetermined goals effectively and efficiently. It combines scientific principles with artistic judgment, making it both structured and flexible. Management ensures that human and material resources are coordinated in a purposeful and systematic manner to achieve the best possible outcomes for the organization.
Nature of Management
The nature of management reflects its essential characteristics and helps in understanding its
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Q2. Describe the essential skills that a manager should possess for effective management. 10
Ans 2.
Managerial Skills
Managerial skills are the abilities and qualities that a manager must possess to perform their duties effectively. These skills enable managers to guide employees, solve problems, make decisions, and achieve organizational goals.
Technical Skills
Technical skills refer to the knowledge and proficiency in specific tasks, tools, methods, or processes related to one’s work. These skills are most essential for lower-level managers who
Q3. Explain the Henri Fayol’s 14 principles of management. 10
Ans 3.
Fayol’s Principles
Henri Fayol, a French industrialist, introduced fourteen principles that form the foundation of modern management theory. Fayol believed that good management is essential for organizational success, and these principles provide guidance for managing resources, people, and activities effectively.
Division of Work
Fayol emphasized specialization. When tasks are divided among individuals, each person
Set – 2
Q4. Differentiate between Centralization and Decentralization in an organisation. 10
Ans 4.
Centralization and decentralization are two important approaches that determine how authority, decision-making power, and responsibility are distributed within an organization. Both approaches influence communication flow, managerial control, speed of decision-making, and employee involvement. Understanding the difference between them helps
Q5. Explain the steps involved in the selection process of the employees in an organization. 10
Ans 5.
The employee selection process is one of the most important functions of human resource management. It ensures that the organization receives capable, skilled, and suitable candidates who can perform job tasks effectively. A systematic selection process reduces hiring errors, improves productivity, and strengthens organizational culture.
Step 1: Job Analysis and Preparing Job Description
Before beginning the selection process, the HR department conducts job analysis to
Q6. Planning is looking ahead, while Controlling is looking back. Explain this statement. 10
Ans 6.
The statement “Planning is looking ahead, while Controlling is looking back” highlights the relationship between two important managerial functions. Planning prepares the organization for future activities, while controlling evaluates past performance to ensure goals are achieved. Both functions are closely connected and essential for effective management.
Meaning of Planning: Looking Ahead
Planning involves deciding in advance what needs to be done, how it should be done, and
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