| SESSION | FEB-MARCH 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | IV |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2201 COMPUTER NETWORKING |
Set-I
Q1. Why is layered model used for computer networks? Explain OSI referenced model
Ans 1.
Layered Architecture in Networking
A layered model in computer networks is essential to simplify the design, development, and maintenance of complex network systems. The primary reason for adopting a layered model is to break down the communication process into manageable, well-defined parts that can work independently and interdependently. Each layer performs a specific function and provides services to the layer above it while receiving services from the layer below. This modular
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Q2. Discuss the working of stop and wait protocol in a noisy channel with the help of an example 10
Ans 2.
Working of Stop-and-Wait Protocol in a Noisy Channel
Stop-and-Wait Protocol
The Stop-and-Wait protocol is a data link layer communication protocol that ensures reliable data transmission between two devices over a network. In this method, the sender sends one data frame at a time and waits for an acknowledgment (ACK) from the receiver before sending the next frame. This approach is simple but efficient for low-speed or low-error-rate networks.
Handling a Noisy Channel
A noisy channel is one that experiences frequent data loss or errors during transmission. In such
Q3. Give a contrast between unicast, multicast and broadcast. Also explain the way they implemented. 10
Ans 3.
Comparison Between Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast with Implementation
Data Transmission Modes
In computer networking, the mode of data transmission refers to the way information is sent from a source to one or multiple destinations. Unicast, multicast, and broadcast are the three primary methods of transmission, each serving different purposes based on the network’s needs and efficiency requirements.
Unicast Transmission
Unicast is the one-to-one communication model, where data is sent from a single sender to a
Set-II
- Explain various routing methods follow in network layer. Discuss their purpose in different environments. 5+5
Ans 4.
Routing Methods Used in the Network Layer and Their Purpose in Various Environments
Understanding Routing in the Network Layer
Routing in the network layer refers to the process of selecting the optimal path for data packets to travel from source to destination. This function is crucial for interconnecting networks and ensuring efficient data delivery. The network layer uses routing protocols and algorithms to determine the best path based on factors like hop count, bandwidth, delay, and reliability.
Routing methods are generally categorized into two types: static routing and dynamic routing. These methods are implemented depending on the size, complexity, and environment of the
strengths tailored to different environments, from small LANs to global internet infrastructures.
Q5. Explain the process of controlling congestion in the transport layer in detail with the help of examples. 10
Ans 5.
Congestion Control in the Transport Layer with Examples
Congestion in Networking
Congestion in computer networks occurs when network resources such as bandwidth or buffers are overutilized, causing delays, packet losses, and reduced throughput. The transport layer plays a vital role in managing this issue by implementing congestion control mechanisms that help regulate data flow and maintain performance stability.
Q6. Compare between the lossy and lossless compression. Discuss the tradeoff between these. 10
Ans 6.
Comparison Between Lossy and Lossless Compression and Their Trade-offs
Understanding Data Compression
Data compression is a technique used to reduce the size of data files to save storage space and transmission time. Compression can be lossy or lossless, depending on whether the original data can be perfectly reconstructed after decompression. The choice between these two depends on
| SESSION | APRIL 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | 4 |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2202 |
Set-I
Q1. Explain any five features of Java. 10
Ans 1.
Five Features of Java
Java is one of the most widely used programming languages in the world. It is known for its simplicity, reliability, and cross-platform capabilities. Developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1990s, Java is designed to be a general-purpose language that is class-based and object-oriented. Over the years, it has become popular for developing desktop applications, mobile apps, web-based software, enterprise systems, and more.
- Platform Independence
Java is a platform-independent language, which means that the same Java program can run on any operating system without modification. This is made possible by the Java Virtual Machine
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Q2. What are the different types of operators used in Java?
Ans 2.
Operators in Java
In Java, operators are special symbols used to perform operations on variables and values. They play a crucial role in manipulating data and controlling the flow of programs. Java supports a wide range of operators, categorized based on their functionality. Understanding these operators is fundamental to writing effective and efficient Java programs.
- Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction,
Q3. What do you mean by Threads in java? Explain with an example. 10
Ans 3.
Threads in Java
A thread in Java is a lightweight process that allows multiple tasks to run concurrently within a program. Java’s multithreading capability enables better resource utilization and responsiveness, especially in applications like games, multimedia processing, real-time simulations, and servers.
Java provides a built-in support for multithreading through the Thread class and the Runnable interface. Each thread represents an independent path of execution. Multiple threads in a
Set-II
Q4. What is the difference between errors and exceptions? 10
Ans 4.
Errors in Java
In Java, an Error refers to a serious problem that a program should not try to handle. Errors are generally caused by problems external to the application, such as hardware failure, JVM crashes, memory leaks, or other serious system-level issues. They are represented by the java.lang.Error class and its subclasses. Since these are typically beyond the control of the program, they are not intended to be caught using try-catch blocks.
For example, a StackOverflowError occurs when a method recurses too deeply, and a
Q5. Explain the Synchronization of Threads. 10
Ans 5.
Thread Synchronization
In Java, thread synchronization is a mechanism used to control access to shared resources by multiple threads. When multiple threads access a shared object or variable, and at least one thread modifies it, the program can produce inconsistent or unpredictable results. This is known as a race condition, and synchronization is the solution to prevent such issues.
Synchronization ensures that only one thread accesses a critical section of code at a time. This is
Q6. Explain the life cycle of a Servlet 10
Ans 6.
Servlets
A Servlet is a Java-based server-side component used to handle requests and responses in a web application. Servlets run on a web server or application server and act as a bridge between client browsers and server-side resources. They are commonly used to process form data, manage session information, and dynamically generate web content like HTML or XML.
The life cycle of a servlet is defined by the javax.servlet.Servlet interface and is managed by the Servlet container (like Apache Tomcat). The container is responsible for creating, initializing,
| SESSION | FEB-MARCH 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | IV |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2203 SYSTEM SOFTWARE |
Set-I
Q1. Describe the function and significance of the segment and pointer registers in the 8086 microprocessor. How do these registers support memory segmentation and data handling?
Ans 1.
Segment and Pointer Registers in 8086 Microprocessor
Function and Significance of Segment Registers
The 8086 microprocessor operates on a segmented memory model, allowing it to access 1MB of memory using 20-bit addressing, despite having only 16-bit registers. This is achieved through the use of segment registers, which divide memory into four segments: Code Segment (CS), Data Segment (DS), Stack Segment (SS), and Extra Segment (ES).
- Code Segment (CS) holds the code or instructions the processor executes. It points to the
- Stack Segment (SS) handles the stack, which stores return addresses, parameters, and
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Q2. Differentiate between the roles of the Symbol Table and the Literal Table in an assembler. Describe how each is constructed during Pass 1 and how they are used during Pass 2.
Ans 2.
Symbol Table vs. Literal Table in an Assembler
Role of the Symbol Table in an Assembler
In the process of translating assembly code into machine language, the symbol table plays a critical role in tracking identifiers (labels or variables) and their corresponding memory addresses. A symbol in assembly refers to a name assigned to a memory location, instruction, or data item. These symbols are stored in the symbol table along with relevant attributes such as
Q3. Compare and contrast Absolute Loaders and Relocating Loaders. Why are relocating loaders preferred for advanced systems? Support your answer with examples and scenarios. 5+5
Ans 3.
Absolute Loaders vs. Relocating Loaders
Absolute Loaders
An absolute loader is the simplest type of loader used to load executable code into memory at a specific fixed address. The loader reads the object code generated by the assembler and directly places it at the assigned memory location. The object program contains memory addresses that are fixed during the assembly process. No address modification is done by the loader at runtime.
For example, if the assembler sets a program to load at memory address 2000H, the absolute
Set-II
- Compare and contrast device driver management in UNIX/Linux, MS-DOS, and Windows operating systems. Discuss the key differences in installation, configuration, communication, and architecture. 5+ 5
Ans 4.
Comparison of Device Driver Management in UNIX/Linux, MS-DOS, and Windows
Device Driver Architecture and Communication
Device drivers are essential software components that allow the operating system to interact with hardware devices. The architecture and handling of device drivers vary significantly across UNIX/Linux, MS-DOS, and Windows operating systems.
Q5. Explain the process of IP Address allocation in UPnP devices using both DHCP and Auto-IP mechanisms. Discuss the importance of address management in UPnP and how it ensures seamless device communication on the network. 5+5
Ans 5.
IP Address Allocation in UPnP Devices
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a protocol suite that enables devices to automatically discover each other and establish functional network services. For this to happen smoothly, devices must be assigned unique IP addresses within the network. UPnP relies on two main mechanisms for IP
Q6. Explain the hierarchy process in Android memory management. How does Android decide which process to terminate when memory is low? 5+5
Ans 6.
Hierarchy and Process Termination in Android Memory Management
Android Memory Management
Android is designed to run on mobile devices with limited memory resources. To ensure smooth operation, it implements a hierarchical memory management system that classifies processes based on their importance to the user and the system. This hierarchy guides how Android allocates and reclaims memory, especially under low-memory conditions.
Process Hierarchy in Android
Android divides processes into several categories, ranked from most to least important:
| SESSION | APRIL 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | VI |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA2204 PRINCIPLES OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND MANAGEMENT |
Set-I
Q1. Who are the users of Accounting Information. Explain any 2 accounting concepts.
Ans 1.
Users of Accounting Information and Explanation of Two Accounting Concepts
Users of Accounting Information
Accounting information serves a wide range of users who rely on accurate and timely financial data to make informed decisions. These users can be broadly categorized into internal and external users.
Internal users are individuals within the organization, such as managers, owners, and employees. Managers use accounting data to assess the financial health of the business, make strategic decisions, and prepare budgets and forecasts. Employees may also be interested in the financial position of the company to understand job security, performance bonuses, and promotion
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Q2. Pass journal entries for the following transactions.
- Ramesh Sharma started business with cash ₹ 50,000.
- Purchased goods from Virat on credit ₹ 20,000.
- Sold goods to Rahul on credit ₹ 30,000.
- Received Dividend₹ 500 from Reliance Industries.
- Paid for Advertisement ₹1500 to Times of India 2*5
Ans 2.
Journal Entries for the Given Transactions
In accounting, a journal entry records a financial transaction in the books of accounts. Each transaction affects two or more accounts and follows the double-entry system, which means every debit must have a corresponding credit.
Transaction 1: Ramesh Sharma started business with cash ₹ 50,000
- Explanation: Cash is coming into the business (asset increase), and Capital is a liability
Q3.a. Explain the concept of liquidity decision.
- Explain factors affecting the composition of working capital. 5+5
Ans 3.
Concept of Liquidity Decision
A liquidity decision refers to a company’s ability to manage its short-term obligations by maintaining an appropriate level of liquid assets. In financial terms, liquidity is the ease with which assets can be converted into cash without a significant loss in value. Therefore, a liquidity decision involves determining the right balance between liquid (easily convertible to cash) assets and profitable investments that may be less liquid.
The goal of liquidity management is to ensure that the business has enough cash or liquid assets to meet its day-to-day operational expenses, such as paying wages, settling supplier invoices, and
Set-II
Q4. Selling price per unit Rs. 20
Variable cost per unit Rs. 15
Fixed overheads Rs. 20000
From the above given data calculate:
- The breakeven sales in Rupees will be.
- If sales are 20% above BEP, determine the net profit 5+5
Ans 4.
Break-Even Point and Net Profit Calculation
Given Data:
- Selling Price per Unit (SP) = ₹20
- Variable Cost per Unit (VC) = ₹15
- Fixed Overheads (FC) = ₹20,000
Calculation of Break-Even Sales (in Rupees)
The break-even point (BEP) is the level of sales at which total revenue equals total cost, resulting
Q5a. Explain the importance of cost accounting.
- Discuss the functional classification of cost 4+6
Ans 5.
Cost Accounting – Importance and Functional Classification of Cost
- Importance of Cost Accounting
Cost accounting is a vital branch of accounting that deals with the recording, classification, analysis, and interpretation of the costs incurred in producing goods or delivering services. It provides management with detailed cost data essential for controlling operations, optimizing resource utilization, and enhancing profitability. One of the primary reasons businesses rely on
Q6. a. Explain the advantages and limitations of Ratio analysis.
- Explain the steps in financial planning. 5+5
Ans 6.
- Advantages and Limitations of Ratio Analysis
Ratio analysis is a powerful financial tool that simplifies the complexities of financial statements into key indicators of business performance. Ratios provide a quantitative assessment of various financial aspects, including liquidity, profitability, efficiency, and solvency. By comparing relationships between figures in the financial statements, ratio analysis helps stakeholders make informed decisions.
One of the major advantages of ratio analysis is that it enables trend analysis. By evaluating
| SESSION | APRIL 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | V |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA3101 WEB DESIGN |
SET-I
Q1. Explain the core distinction between the Internet and the World Wide Web, highlighting their respective roles in digital communication and information sharing. How do their underlying technologies differ, and why is it important to understand this difference when discussing online systems and web development? 5+5
Ans 1.
Core Distinction Between the Internet and the World Wide Web
Internet
The Internet is a vast, global network that connects millions of computers and devices using standardized communication protocols. It is the foundational infrastructure that enables various digital services such as email, file transfer, social media, online gaming, and the World Wide Web. The Internet operates using protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which define how data is packaged, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received.
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW or Web) is a service that operates over the Internet, providing access
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Q2. Identify and explain any three essential services offered by the Internet (e.g., email, file transfer, remote access, web browsing, etc.), and discuss how each contributes to global connectivity and communication. Additionally, describe a common cybersecurity threat—such as phishing, malware, or DDoS attacks—and explain its potential impact on users and systems. 5+5
Ans 2.
Internet Services and Cybersecurity Threats
The Internet offers a multitude of services that play a crucial role in global communication, data sharing, and productivity. Among the most impactful services are email, file transfer, and remote access. These services facilitate real-time collaboration, long-distance communication, and data mobility. Each service is built upon Internet protocols that standardize how data is exchanged
Q3. Define the concept and structure of a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) in the context of HTML. Explain its significance in linking resources on the web. How is a URI embedded within anchor (<a>) tags to form functional hyperlinks? Also, discuss the role of relative and absolute URIs and best practices for using them effectively in web development. 5+5
Ans 3.
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) in HTML
URI
A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string used to identify a resource on the Internet. URIs are the building blocks of web connectivity, enabling users and applications to access files, webpages, and other digital resources. A typical URI includes components like the scheme (http, https), the domain (e.g., www.example.com), and the path to the specific resource (e.g., /about.html). URIs are
SET-II
- Describe the correct method to embed an image in an HTML document using the <img> tag, including important attributes such as src, alt, width, and height. Why is the alt attribute crucial for accessibility and SEO? In addition, explain the purpose and usage of the <address> tag in HTML. What kind of content should it contain, and how does it contribute to semantic HTML and accessibility? 4+3+3
Ans 4.
Embedding Images and the Role of <img> and <address> Tags in HTML
Embedding an Image with the <img> Tag
The <img> tag in HTML is used to embed images into a webpage. Unlike other tags, <img> is self-closing and does not have a closing tag. The most important attribute of the <img> tag is src, which stands for “source”. It defines the path to the image file. The basic syntax is:
<img src=”image.jpg” alt=”Image Description” width=”300″ height=”200″>
Here, src can be a relative path (e.g., images/logo.png) or an absolute URL (e.g.,
Q5. List and explain the key structural components of a standard HTML web page, including <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> tags. Why is it important to include each of these elements in your document? 5+5
Ans 5.
Key Structural Components of a Standard HTML Web Page
Role of the <html> Tag
The <html> tag is the root element of every HTML document. It encapsulates all other HTML elements and tells the browser that the content within is an HTML document. Everything from the <head> to the <body> is nested within the <html> tag. Without this tag, the browser might not interpret the document correctly, leading to unpredictable results.
Purpose of the <head> Tag
The <head> section contains meta-information about the document. This includes metadata (such as
Q6. Discuss the primary benefits of using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) in web design, particularly in terms of enhancing visual presentation and maintaining consistency across multiple pages. How does CSS promote the principle of separating structure (HTML content) from style (design and layout)? 5+5
Ans 6.
Benefits of CSS and Separation of Structure and Style
CSS in Web Design
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to control the appearance of HTML content. It defines how HTML elements are displayed on screen, paper, or in other media. CSS allows web designers to style multiple elements consistently and efficiently, ensuring that the design
| SESSION | APRIL 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | V |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA3102 VISUAL PROGRAMMING |
SET-I
Q1. Explain the comparison and logical operators available in VB .NET. 10
Ans 1.
Comparison and Logical Operators in VB .NET
Operators in VB .NET
Operators in Visual Basic .NET (VB .NET) are essential tools used for manipulating variables and expressions. Among them, comparison operators and logical operators play a significant role in implementing conditional statements and decision-making logic. These operators return Boolean values (True or False) based on the comparison or logic applied to operands.
Comparison Operators in VB .NET
Comparison operators are used to evaluate the relationship between two expressions or values. These
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Q2. Discuss the concept of constructor and destructor with appropriate example. 10
Ans 2.
Object Lifecycle
In Visual Basic .NET (VB .NET), classes are used to define the structure and behavior of objects. When an object is created, it needs to be initialized with default or specific values. Similarly, when an object is no longer needed, its resources should be cleaned up. This process is managed using constructors and destructors (also referred to as finalizers). These are special methods that automate
Q3. Explain the .NET architecture and Visual Studio .NET environment. 10
Ans 3.
.NET Architecture and Visual Studio .NET Environment
.NET Framework
The .NET Framework is a robust software development platform developed by Microsoft that supports building and running applications across desktop, web, and mobile environments. It provides a managed environment for executing code with support for multiple programming languages, including Visual Basic .NET, C#, and F#. The architecture of .NET enables developers to write secure, scalable, and high-performance applications.
Components of .NET Architecture
- Common Language Runtime (CLR):
The CLR is the execution engine that handles running .NET applications. It manages
SET-II
Q4. Discuss the following
(a) Data Adapter (b ) Dataset (c) Overloading (d) Encapsulation (e) exception handling
Ans 4.
Explanation of Key VB.NET Concepts
(a) Data Adapter
A Data Adapter in VB.NET acts as a bridge between a database and a DataSet. It is part of the ADO.NET architecture and is responsible for retrieving data from a data source and populating the DataSet, as well as updating the data source with changes made in the DataSet. The most common data adapter is SqlDataAdapter, used with SQL Server. The adapter uses SQL commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE through command objects. It allows disconnected data
access, flexible programming, secure object design, and resilient error management.
Q5. Explain the role of XML in VB.NET development and its significance in data representation, exchange, and storage.
Ans 5.
XML
XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a widely used standard for representing structured data. It is both human-readable and machine-readable, making it suitable for data exchange between different systems and platforms. In VB.NET development, XML plays a crucial role in data storage, configuration, and communication.
XML in Data Representation
XML provides a flexible way to store and represent hierarchical data. Unlike traditional databases, XML allows data to be stored in a self-descriptive format using custom tags. VB.NET applications
Q6. Discuss the architecture of Tersus platform.
Ans 6.
Tersus Platform
The Tersus Platform is a visual programming environment that enables the creation of web and mobile applications without writing traditional code. It allows developers to model applications graphically by dragging and dropping elements, making it suitable for rapid application development (RAD) and accessible to non-programmers.
Overview of Tersus Architecture
| SESSION | MARCH 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | V |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA3103 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING |
SET-I
Q1. Describe the software applications and objectives of software engineering. 5+ 5
Ans 1.
Understanding Software Applications
Software applications are designed programs that execute specific functions to meet user needs. They can be categorized based on their use into system software, application software, embedded software, web-based software, and mobile applications. System software includes operating systems and device drivers that manage hardware resources. Application software includes productivity tools such as Microsoft Word, Excel, and specialized programs like ERP systems. Embedded software runs on dedicated devices like washing machines, smart TVs, and industrial
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Q2. Describe the various software development life cycle models:
- I) Waterfall Model
- II) Iterative Model 5+ 5
Ans 2.
The Waterfall Model
The Waterfall Model is one of the earliest and most traditional software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It follows a linear and sequential approach where each phase must be completed before the next one begins. The key stages include requirement gathering, system design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Each stage has its own deliverables and review processes, ensuring clarity and structure throughout the development cycle.
Q3. Define software reliability. How does it differ from fault and failure? 5+ 5
Ans 3.
Software Reliability
Software reliability refers to the probability that a software system will function without failure under given conditions for a specified period of time. It is one of the key attributes of software quality and is essential for building trust in any software application. Reliable software is expected to operate consistently, perform its intended functions correctly, and deliver expected results even under varying conditions. Reliability is measured using metrics such as Mean Time
SET-II
Q4. Describe various software testing techniques:
- I) White Box Testing
- II) Black Box Testing 5+ 5
Ans 4.
White Box Testing
White Box Testing, also known as clear box or structural testing, is a method of testing software with knowledge of the internal structure, logic, and code of the application. This technique allows testers to examine the internal operations of a program and validate paths, loops, conditions, and statements for accuracy and efficiency. The objective of white box testing is to ensure that the internal operations of the software are functioning as expected and to identify
Q5. I) Explain the differences between verification and validation (V&V).
- II) Compare traditional software engineering with modern software practices. 5+ 5
Ans 5.
- I) Differences Between Verification and Validation
Verification and Validation (V&V) are two critical components of software quality assurance that aim to ensure a software product meets its requirements and performs as intended. Though often used interchangeably, they serve different purposes.
Verification refers to the process of evaluating software during development to ensure it aligns with specifications and design requirements. It answers the question, “Are we building the
Q6. Explain Data Analytics and Business Intelligence. 10
Ans 6.
Data Analytics
Data Analytics refers to the process of collecting, processing, analyzing, and interpreting data to extract meaningful insights, patterns, and trends that support decision-making. It involves using mathematical, statistical, and computational techniques to transform raw data into actionable knowledge. The primary goal of data analytics is to enable organizations to make data-driven
| SESSION | APRIL 2025 |
| PROGRAM | BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA) |
| SEMESTER | 5 |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCA3104 PYTHON PROGRAMMING |
SET-I
Q1. a) Explain mutable and immutable datatypes of python.
- b) How do membership and identity operators work? Explain with example 5+5
Ans 1.
Understanding Data Types in Python
In Python, every value has a data type, and based on the ability to change the value without altering the object’s identity, data types are classified into mutable and immutable. Understanding this distinction is essential for proper memory management and behavior prediction of variables during program execution.
Mutable Data Types
A mutable data type allows changes to its content after the object has been created. This means we can modify, add, or remove elements without changing the reference (i.e., memory location) of the
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Q2. a) How instance variables are different from class variables?
- b) Explain the use of following string functions: – upper(), lower(), isdigit(), isalpha(), split(), join() with example. 5+5
Ans 2.
- a) How Instance Variables Are Different from Class Variables
Understanding Instance Variables
Instance variables are variables that are defined within a class but are specific to each object or instance of that class. They are created inside a constructor or any instance method using the self keyword and hold data that is unique for each instance.
For example:
class Student:
Q3. a) What is list? Explain insert() and append() methods with example.
- b) How to create private and protected variables in class? Explain its importance. 5+5
Ans 3.
- Definition of List in Python
A list in Python is an ordered, mutable, and heterogeneous collection that can hold a variety of object types, such as integers, strings, and even other lists. Lists are defined using square brackets.
Example:
my_list = [1, 2, 3, ‘Python’]
Python lists are dynamic and support operations such as addition, deletion, indexing, slicing, and iteration.
SET-II
Q4. a) How do variable length and keyword arguments works? Explain with program.
- b) Explain differences between remove(), discard( ) and pop( ) method for deleting elements from set. 5+5
Ans 4.
- Understanding Variable-Length Arguments
In Python, functions can be defined to accept a variable number of arguments using *args for non-keyworded and **kwargs for keyworded arguments. These are useful when the number of inputs is unknown during function definition.
The *args syntax is used to send a variable number of non-keyword arguments to a function. Internally, it converts the arguments into a tuple. For example:
def add_numbers(*args):
total = 0
Q5. What is an exception handling? How do you handle multiple exceptions in python? Explain with example. 10
Ans 5.
Understanding Exception Handling in Python
Exception handling in Python is a mechanism to gracefully manage run-time errors. These errors, known as exceptions, occur during execution and can interrupt the flow of a program. Python provides the try-except block to handle such errors and continue program execution instead of crashing.
The try block contains code that might raise an exception. If an error occurs, it is caught by the
Q6. a) How to handle missing data using pandas? Explain dropna() and fillna() methods.
- b) What are DDL and DML commands? Explain. 5+5
Ans 6.
- Handling Missing Data in Pandas
In real-world data analysis, datasets often contain missing values. Pandas offers efficient tools to handle such data using methods like dropna() and fillna(). These methods allow either removing or imputing missing entries to maintain data integrity.
dropna() Method
The dropna() method is used to remove rows or columns containing missing (NaN) values. By default, it drops rows.
Example: