MUJ M.COM 1 SEM Solved Assignments JULY- AUG 2025
| SESSION | JULY-AUG 2025 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF COMMERCE (MCOM) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCM6101 MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR |
Set – 1
Q1. Differentiate between a formal organization and an informal organisation. 10
Ans 1.
Differentiate Between a Formal Organization and an Informal Organization
An organization is a structured arrangement of people working together to achieve common objectives. Within any organization, two types of structures coexist: the formal organization and the informal organization. While the formal organization is deliberately designed by management, the informal organization emerges naturally from social interactions among employees. Both play an important role in influencing behaviour, communication, and performance within an organization.
Meaning of Formal Organization
A formal organization refers to the officially established structure of roles, responsibilities,
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Q2. Discuss why is controlling important in management functions. 10
Ans 2.
Controlling Is Important in Management Functions
Controlling is one of the fundamental functions of management, along with planning, organizing, and directing. It refers to the process of ensuring that organizational activities are carried out as planned and that performance is aligned with predetermined objectives. Controlling involves setting standards, measuring actual performance, comparing it with standards, identifying deviations, and taking corrective actions. It plays a vital role in
Q3. Describe the steps involved in creative decision-making in an organisation. 10
Ans 3.
Steps Involved in Creative Decision-Making in an Organisation
Creative decision-making is a systematic process through which managers generate innovative and effective solutions to organizational problems. Unlike routine decision-making, creative decision-making focuses on originality, flexibility, and the ability to think beyond conventional approaches. In a dynamic and competitive business environment, organizations increasingly rely on creative decisions to improve efficiency, solve complex
Set – 2
Q4. Describe the Trait Theory of Leadership. 10
Ans 4.
Trait Theory of Leadership
Trait Theory of Leadership is one of the earliest approaches to understanding leadership effectiveness. This theory focuses on identifying the personal traits and characteristics that distinguish successful leaders from non-leaders. It assumes that leadership qualities are inherent and that certain individuals are naturally predisposed to become effective leaders.
Meaning of Trait Theory
According to the Trait Theory, leadership is based on individual characteristics such as
Q5. Explain the main causes of Stress among individuals in an organisation. 10
Ans 5.
Main Causes of Stress among Individuals in an Organisation
Stress in an organization refers to the physical and psychological strain experienced by employees when job demands exceed their ability, resources, or comfort level. In today’s competitive and fast-changing work environment, stress has become a common phenomenon affecting employee performance, health, and overall organizational effectiveness. Understanding the causes of stress helps management design better work systems and
Q6. Discuss the two fundamental forces of change in an organization. 10
Ans 6.
Two Fundamental Forces of Change in an Organization
Change is an inevitable and continuous process in organizations. To survive and grow in a dynamic environment, organizations must adapt to various internal and external influences. The two fundamental forces of change in an organization are internal forces and external forces. These forces compel organizations to modify their strategies, structures, technologies,
| SESSION | JULY-AUG 2025 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF COMMERCE (MCOM) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCM6102 MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS |
Assignment Set – 1
Q1. Explain the law of demand with the demand function and the factors affecting demand. 4+3+4
Ans 1.
Law of Demand with the Demand Function and the Factors Affecting Demand
Law of Demand
The law of demand is one of the fundamental principles of managerial economics and consumer behaviour. It states that, other things remaining constant (ceteris paribus), the quantity demanded of a good varies inversely with its price. This means that when the price of a commodity rises, consumers tend to purchase a smaller quantity, and when the price falls, they are willing to purchase a larger quantity. The logic behind this law lies in the concepts of diminishing marginal utility and substitution effect. As price increases, the
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Q2. Discuss how market equilibrium is affected by changes in supply and demand. 10
Ans 2.
Market Equilibrium
Market equilibrium refers to a situation where the quantity demanded of a commodity is exactly equal to the quantity supplied at a particular price. At this equilibrium price, also known as the market-clearing price, there is neither excess demand nor excess supply. Market equilibrium is determined by the interaction of demand and supply forces and plays a crucial
Q3. Mention Baumol’s static and dynamic models of sales revenue maximization. 10
Ans 3.
Baumol’s Sales Revenue Maximization Theory
William J. Baumol proposed the sales revenue maximization model as an alternative to the traditional profit maximization theory. According to Baumol, modern managers of large corporations are more interested in maximizing sales revenue rather than profits. This preference arises because managerial salaries, prestige, job security, and market power are often more closely related to sales volume than to profit levels. However, Baumol also acknowledged that firms must earn a minimum acceptable level of profit to satisfy
Assignment Set – 2
Q4. Explain various pricing methods used in managerial decision-making. 10
Ans 4.
Pricing Methods Used in Managerial Decision-Making
Pricing is one of the most critical decisions in managerial economics as it directly affects revenue, profitability, and market position. Managers use various pricing methods depending on market structure, cost conditions, competition, and organizational objectives. Effective pricing strategies help firms achieve goals such as profit maximization, sales growth, market penetration, or survival in competitive markets.
Cost-Oriented Pricing Methods
Cost-oriented pricing methods are based primarily on production and operating costs. One widely used approach is cost-plus pricing, where a fixed percentage of profit is added to total
Q5. Elaborate on the concept of market and different types of market structures in the economy. 2+8
Ans 5.
Concept of Market
In economics, a market refers to an arrangement or system where buyers and sellers interact to exchange goods and services at mutually agreed prices. A market does not necessarily mean a physical place; it includes all mechanisms through which demand and supply operate. The essential elements of a market are the existence of buyers and sellers, a commodity or service to be exchanged, and communication between buyers and sellers regarding price. Markets play a crucial role in resource allocation, price determination, and facilitating
Q6. Explain the key macroeconomic measures and their importance. 10
Ans 6.
Key Macroeconomic Measures and Their Importance
Macroeconomic measures are indicators used to assess the overall performance and health of an economy. These measures help governments, businesses, and policymakers understand economic conditions, formulate policies, and plan future actions. They provide a comprehensive picture of growth, stability, and development at the national level.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
GDP measures the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a specific period. It is the most widely used indicator of economic growth. An increase
| SESSION | JULY-AUG 2025 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF COMMERCE (M COM) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCM6103 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT |
Set – 1
Q1. Describe financial management. Also, illustrate various functions of financial management. 2 + 8
Ans 1.
Financial Management: Meaning and Functions
Financial management refers to the efficient planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of financial resources of an organization in order to achieve its overall objectives. It is primarily concerned with the procurement and effective utilization of funds to maximize the wealth of shareholders while ensuring financial stability and growth of the business. In modern business organizations, financial management plays a central role because every managerial decision has financial implications. Sound financial management ensures optimal
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Q2. A company is planning to start a new project of ₹ 2000 crores. For this purpose, the company has planned to raise ₹1600 crores of equity share capital and ₹400 crores of 10% debentures. If the company is paying constant dividend of ₹27 per share and current market price of equity share is ₹180 per share, estimate weighted average cost of capital of company, assuming corporate tax rate of 40%.
Ans 2.
Calculation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
Given
- Total Project Cost = ₹2,000 crores
- Equity Share Capital = ₹1,600 crores
- Debentures = ₹400 crores (10%)
- Dividend per share = ₹27
- Market price per share = ₹180
- Corporate tax rate = 40%
Step 1: Cost of Equity (Ke)
Q3. A firm’s sales, variable costs and fixed cost amount to ₹ 75,00,000, ₹ 42,00,000 and ₹ 6,00,000 respectively. It has borrowed ₹ 45,00,000 at 9% and its equity capital totals ₹ 55,00,000.
Estimate operating, financial and combined leverages of the firm based on abovementioned information. Also, show working notes. (3*3) + 1
Ans 3.
Operating, Financial and Combined Leverage
Given
- Sales = ₹75,00,000
- Variable Cost = ₹42,00,000
- Fixed Cost = ₹6,00,000
- Debt = ₹45,00,000
- Interest Rate = 9%
Step 1: Contribution
Step 2: EBIT
Set – 2
Q4. Describe determinants of capital structure in detail.
Ans 4.
Determinants of Capital Structure
Capital structure refers to the mix of long-term sources of finance used by a firm, primarily equity and debt. Determining an optimal capital structure is a critical financial decision, as it directly affects a firm’s cost of capital, risk profile, and market value. Several internal and external factors influence a company’s capital structure decisions.
- Cost of Capital
One of the most important determinants is the cost of capital. Debt is generally cheaper than
Q5. The following are two mutually exclusive projects:
| Projects | Cash Flows (in ₹) | |||
| A | – 25,000 | 18,000 | 25,000 | 12,000 |
| B | – 28,000 | 14,000 | 19,000 | 28,000 |
Assuming 10% opportunity cost of capital, estimate net present value and payback period for project A and B. Which project should be recommended under each of these techniques?
The present value factor (PVF) @ 10% is as follows:
| Year | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 10% | 0.909 | 0.826 | 0.751 |
4+4+2
Ans 5.
NPV and Payback Period of Projects A and B
Given
| Project | C₀ | C₁ | C₂ | C₃ |
| A | -25,000 | 18,000 | 25,000 | 12,000 |
| B | -28,000 | 14,000 | 19,000 | 28,000 |
PV Factors @ 10%
Year 1 = 0.909 | Year 2 = 0.826 | Year 3 = 0.751
Project A
Q6. Describe in detail the Miller and Modigliani model of dividend policy.
Ans 6.
Miller and Modigliani (MM) Model of Dividend Policy
The Miller and Modigliani (MM) model of dividend policy, proposed by Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani in 1961, is one of the most influential theories in corporate finance. The model asserts that dividend policy is irrelevant to the value of a firm under certain idealized conditions. According to MM, the value of a firm depends solely on its earning power and investment decisions, not on how earnings are distributed between dividends and retained
| SESSION | JULY-AUGUST 2025 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF COMMERCE (M.COM) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCM6104 COST ANALYSIS AND CONTROL |
Set – 1
Q1. Briefly explain the following:
- Contract Costing.
- Operating Costing.
iii. Unit or Single Output Costing.
- Process Costing.
- Operation Costing.
Ans 1.
- Contract Costing
Contract costing is a method of costing used where work is undertaken according to specific contracts, usually of long duration. It is commonly applied in industries such as construction, shipbuilding, civil engineering, and large-scale infrastructure projects. Under this method, each contract is treated as a separate cost unit, and all costs related to that particular contract are recorded separately. Direct costs such as materials, labor, and direct expenses are charged directly to the contract, while indirect costs are apportioned appropriately. Since contracts often extend over more than one accounting period, the concept of work-in-progress and
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Q2. Information on the overhead of different production and service departments is available as follows for July 2025:
| Particulars | Production Department | Service Department | |||
| X | Y | Z | Maintenance | Store | |
| Indirect material | 19,000 | 24,000 | 4,000 | 30,000 | 8,000 |
| Indirect wages | 18,000 | 22,000 | 6,000 | 20,000 | 13,000 |
| Area (Sq. ft.) | 2,000 | 2,000 | 1,500 | 1,000 | 500 |
| Capital value of assets | 1,00,000 | 1,20,000 | 80,000 | 60,000 | 40,000 |
| Kilowatt hours | 1,000 | 1,100 | 400 | 375 | 125 |
| Number of employees | 18 | 24 | 6 | 8 | 4 |
In addition to the above, the following information is available:
Lighting Expenses Rs.70,000
Power expenses Rs.1,20,000
Rent and rates Rs.56,000
Insurance of assets Rs.20,000
Canteen expenses Rs.18,000
Depreciation rate on capital value of assets per annum 12%
Find the overhead of each department.
Ans 2.
Departmental Overheads (Primary Distribution) for July 2025
Statement Showing Department-wise Data (July 2025)
| Particulars | X | Y | Z | Maintenance | Store | Total |
| Indirect Material (₹) | 19,000 | 24,000 | 4,000 | 30,000 | 8,000 | 85,000 |
| Indirect Wages (₹) | 18,000 | 22,000 | 6,000 | 20,000 | 13,000 | 79,000 |
| Area (Sq. ft.) | 2,000 | 2,000 | 1,500 | 1,000 | 500 | 7,000 |
| Capital Value of Assets (₹) | 1,00,000 | 1,20,000 | 80,000 | 60,000 | 40,000 | 4,00,000 |
| Kilowatt Hours (KWH) | 1,000 | 1,100 | 400 | 375 | 125 | 3,000 |
| Number of Employees | 18 | 24 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 60 |
Q3. Mention any five differences between Marginal and Absorption Costing.
Ans 3.
Differences between Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing
Marginal costing and absorption costing are two important techniques of cost accounting used for cost analysis, pricing, and managerial decision-making. Although both methods aim to ascertain product cost and profit, they differ significantly in treatment of costs, valuation of inventory, and usefulness for management decisions. The following discussion explains five major differences between marginal costing and absorption costing in a clear and exam-oriented manner.
- Treatment of Fixed Manufacturing Overheads
The most fundamental difference lies in the treatment of fixed manufacturing overheads.
Set – 2
Q4. If the semi-variable cost for 2,000 units of output is Rs. 15,000 and for 3,000 units it is Rs. 20,000, find the variable cost per unit and total fixed cost for the period.
- Selling Price is Rs. 200; Variable cost per unit is Rs. 120; Fixed Cost is Rs. 10,000.
The number of Units produced is 200.
Calculate the following:
- Contribution
- P/V ratio
iii. BEP in Rs.
- BEP in units.
Ans 4.
(A).
Semi-variable Cost (High–Low Method)
Given:
At 2,000 units → Cost = ₹15,000
At 3,000 units → Cost = ₹20,000
Variable Cost per Unit
Q5. The following data relates to two machines of KPS Ltd.
| Particulars
|
Existing machine Rs.
|
New machine Rs.
|
| Capital cost Rs.
Marginal cost per unit Rs. Selling price per unit Rs. Fixed expenses Rs. Annual Output (units) Life of machinery (years)
|
1,00,000
60 120 48,000 2,000 10
|
4,00,000
52 120 1,48,000 4,000 10
|
The existing machine has been working for 5 years. Its present resale value is Rs. 40,000. The scrap value of the machine may be taken as nil. Advise whether the old machine should be replaced by a new machine if the rate of interest is 10% per annum.
Ans 5.
Replace Old Machine? (NPV Decision @ 10%)
Step 1: Annual Cash Profit (Contribution – Fixed)
Existing machine:
Contribution/unit = 120 − 60 = ₹60
Annual contribution = 60 × 2,000 = ₹1,20,000
Annual profit = 1,20,000 − 48,000 = ₹72,000
New machine:
Q6. Define the concepts of Pricing Decisions. And explain its external and internal factors.
Ans 6.
Pricing Decisions: Meaning and Internal & External Factors
Pricing decisions refer to the process of determining the appropriate price at which a product or service should be offered to customers. Price is the only element of the marketing mix that generates revenue, while all other elements involve costs. Therefore, pricing decisions directly influence profitability, market position, and long-term sustainability of a business. An effective pricing decision aims to recover costs, earn a reasonable profit, and provide
| SESSION | JULY-AUG 2025 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF COMMERCE (M COM) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCM6105 BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC LAWS |
Set – 1
Q1. Discuss the duties of a bailor and bailee under the Indian Contract Act. 5+5
Ans 1.
Duties of the Bailor
Under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a bailor is the person who delivers goods to another person (the bailee) for a specific purpose upon a contract that the goods shall be returned or disposed of as per the bailor’s directions. The Act lays down several duties that the bailor must fulfill to ensure fairness and legal balance in a contract of bailment.
One of the primary duties of the bailor is to disclose all known faults in the goods bailed. Section 150 of the Act provides that the bailor is bound to disclose faults which materially
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Q2. Write a short note on:
- Sources of Indian Law 5
- Capacity to Contract 5
Ans 2.
- Sources of Indian Law
Indian law is derived from multiple sources that collectively shape the legal system of the country. The primary source of Indian law is the Constitution of India, which is the supreme law and provides the fundamental framework for governance, rights, duties, and powers of institutions. Any law inconsistent with the Constitution is considered void.
Legislation is another significant source of Indian law. Laws enacted by Parliament and State Legislatures govern various aspects of civil, criminal, commercial, and administrative
Q3. Describe the relations of the partners of a firm to one another under the Partnership Act, 1932. 10
Ans 3.
General Principle of Mutual Rights and Duties
The Partnership Act, 1932 governs the internal relationship among partners of a firm. The relations of partners to one another are primarily based on mutual trust, good faith, and contractual understanding. Subject to any agreement between the partners, the rights and duties laid down in the Act apply uniformly. Section 9 of the Act emphasizes that partners must carry on the business of the firm to the greatest common advantage and must be just and
Set – 2
Q4. Explain the remedies available to the consumer under the Consumer Protection Act. 10
Ans 4.
Right to Seek Redressal Against Defective Goods and Deficient Services
The Consumer Protection Act provides consumers with the right to seek remedies against defective goods and deficient services. A consumer may file a complaint when goods suffer from defects or services fall short of promised standards. The Act ensures quick and effective redressal through a structured grievance mechanism.
Replacement of Goods
One of the key remedies available to consumers is the replacement of defective goods. If
Q5. Discuss the various types of meetings and their provisions under the Companies Act, 2013. 10
Ans 5.
Meaning and Importance of Company Meetings
A meeting under the Companies Act, 2013 refers to a lawful assembly of members, directors, or stakeholders convened for discussing and deciding matters relating to the company. Meetings play a vital role in corporate governance as they provide a formal platform for decision-making, approval of policies, and protection of shareholder interests. The Act prescribes different types of meetings with specific provisions regarding notice, quorum,
Q6. Describe the meaning and civil remedies available for infringement of copyright. 3+7
Ans 6.
Copyright Infringement
Copyright infringement refers to the unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, communication, adaptation, or translation of a copyrighted work in violation of the exclusive rights granted to the copyright owner under the Copyright Act, 1957. When any person, without obtaining permission or license from the copyright holder, performs an act that is legally reserved for the owner, such action amounts to infringement. Copyright protects original literary, dramatic, musical, artistic works, cinematograph films, and sound
| SESSION | JULY-AUG 2025 |
| PROGRAM | MASTER OF COMMERCE (M.COM) |
| SEMESTER | I |
| COURSE CODE & NAME | DCM 6106 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING & REPORTING |
Assignment Set -1
Q1. From the following information, prepare Income Statement and Balance Sheet (Position statement) of Kumari Ltd. as at 31st March 2025.
| Particulars | Amount (₹) | Particulars | Amount (₹) |
| Equity Capital | 450,000 | Cash at Bank | 137,000 |
| Drawings | 20,000 | Salaries & other benefits | 20,000 |
| Plant & Machine | 260,000 | Repairs | 4,500 |
| Delivery Vehicle | 60,000 | Opening Stock | 35,000 |
| Sundry Debtors | 90,000 | Rent | 12,000 |
| Sundry Creditors | 60,000 | Audit Expenses | 3,500 |
| Purchases | 50,000 | Bills Payable | 40,000 |
| Sales | 160,000 | Bad Debts | 8,000 |
| Wages | 18,000 | Carriage Inwards | 4,000 |
Additional information:
1.Closing stock at 31-03-2025 = ₹25,000.
- Depreciate Plant & Machine @ 5% p.a. and Delivery Vehicle @ 25% p.a.
- Unpaid rent amounting to ₹6,000 (outstanding) is to be provided.
Provision for doubtful debts = 5% on sundry debtors (make provision).
Ans 1.
Kumari Ltd. – Income Statement & Balance Sheet as at 31-03-2025
Step 1: Depreciation (Adjustment)
- Plant & Machinery @ 5% on ₹2,60,000
- Delivery Vehicle @ 25% on ₹60,000
Step 2: Provision for Doubtful Debts (Adjustment)
Provision = 5% of Sundry Debtors ₹90,000
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Q2.(A). ABC Limited is in the process of preparing its financial statements for the first time in accordance with the new accounting standards. As part of its preparations, the company is reviewing the conceptual framework of accounting, focusing on the qualitative characteristics of financial information.
Elaborate on the different levels of the conceptual framework of accounting as per qualitative characteristics and justify the necessity for ABC Limited to adopt these standards for accurate financial reporting.
(B). MNO Ltd., a newly established manufacturing company, is preparing its first set of financial statements. During the process, the accountant records machinery at its original purchase price but ignores the cost of installation and transportation. Additionally, the company delays finalizing its financial statements by three months, citing staff shortage.
Question:
i. Identify which qualitative characteristics of financial information are being violated in the above scenario.
- Explain how MNO Ltd. can ensure faithful representation and timeliness in future reporting.
Ans 2.
(A) Conceptual Framework of Accounting and Qualitative Characteristics
The conceptual framework of accounting provides a structured foundation for the preparation and presentation of financial statements. It guides standard-setters, preparers, and users by defining the objective of financial reporting and the qualitative characteristics that make financial information useful. For ABC Limited, which is preparing financial statements for the first time under new accounting standards, understanding this framework is essential for accurate and reliable reporting.
At the first level, the conceptual framework defines the objective of financial reporting, which is to provide financial information that is useful to investors, lenders, and other stakeholders in making economic decisions. This objective focuses on providing information about the financial position, performance, and cash flows of the entity.
Q3. (A) ABC Ltd. purchased machinery costing ₹9,60,000 on 1 April 2024. Useful life for accounting (Companies Act) = 8 years (straight-line).
For Income-tax Act purposes the machinery is allowed to be depreciated over 4 years (straight-line).
ABC Ltd. is in a 30% tax bracket.
Net profit before depreciation and tax (i.e., profit before charging any depreciation and before tax) for FY 2024-25 = ₹7,20,000.
Using the data above, answer:
- Accounting income (as per Companies Act) and Taxable income (as per Income Tax Act) for FY 2024-25.
- Amount of Timing difference (if any).
iii. Amount of Deferred Tax (DTA or DTL).
- Where these amounts will appear in the Income Statement and Balance Sheet for FY 2024-25.
(B). MNO Ltd., a mid-sized manufacturing company listed on the stock exchange, has been under pressure from investors to show higher quarterly profits. In response, the finance team has been considering certain accounting practices that could boost short-term performance. During the review, the auditor noticed the following:
- Sales worth ₹25,00,000 were recorded in March 2025 even though the goods were delivered in April 2025.
- Certain repair and maintenance expenses of ₹5,00,000 were capitalized as fixed assets.
- A provision for doubtful debts of ₹3,00,000 was intentionally omitted to improve reported profit.
- Management hesitated to disclose pending litigation of ₹10,00,000 that could impact future profits.
Required:
i. Identify and explain the ethical issues involved in financial accounting as observed in the case of MNO Ltd.
- Suggest the general procedure to resolve such ethical issues in financial reporting.
Ans 3.
(A). Deferred Tax due to different depreciation (FY 2024-25)
Cost of machinery = ₹9,60,000
Profit before depreciation & tax = ₹7,20,000
Tax rate = 30%
- i) Accounting income & Taxable income
Book depreciation (Companies Act, SLM 8 yrs):
Accounting income (PBT):
Tax depreciation (Income-tax, SLM 4 yrs):
Taxable income:
Assignment Set 2
Q4. A. List out reporting areas that may be relevant to a particular company or organization when considering matters related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Sustainability reporting in financial reporting.
- XYZ Ltd. is a growing tech company that has decided to grant share-based payment in the form of stock options to its employees as part of their incentive program. The company grants 2,000 stock options to an employee, allowing the employee to purchase shares at a price of ₹100 per share. The stock options will vest over a period of 5 years, with 1/5 of the options vesting each year. The fair value of the stock options at the grant date is estimated at ₹250 per option. XYZ Ltd. must determine the accounting treatment for this stock option grant.
Explain how XYZ Ltd. should:
- Measure the fair value of the stock options granted to employees.
- Recognize the expense related to the stock options in the financial statements over the vesting period.
iii. Present the share-based payment transaction in its financial statements.
Ans 4.
(A). CSR & Sustainability reporting areas
CSR/sustainability reporting areas commonly include: environmental impacts (energy, emissions, water, waste), employee well-being and labour practices, health & safety, diversity and inclusion, supply-chain ethics, community development/CSR spend, product responsibility and customer privacy, governance and anti-corruption, compliance and legal matters, climate risk and ESG targets, and reporting metrics/assurance for sustainability
Q5. Write short note on:
- Equity and Cost method of valuation of Investments.
- Triple Bottom Line
- Integrated Reporting
- Impairment of Non-Current Assets
- Elements of Revenue Account of Banking Company.
Ans 5.
- Equity and Cost Method of Valuation of Investments
- The cost method of valuation of investments records investments at their acquisition cost. Income is recognized only when dividends are received, and such income is treated as revenue. Any decline in value is recognized only if it is permanent in nature. This method is generally applied when the investor does not have significant influence over the investee company.
- The equity method, on the other hand, is used when the investor has significant influence over the investee, usually when shareholding is between 20% and 50%. Under this method, investments are initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted for the investor’s share of post-acquisition profits
Q6. On 31st March 2025 the balance sheets of Maanu ltd and its subsidiary Pooni Ltd. stood as follows
Draw a consolidated balance sheet as at 31/3/2025 after taking into consideration the following information
- Maanu Ltd acquired shares on 31/7/2024 on that date Profit and loss A/c and General Reserve of Pooni Ltd stood at Rs. 30,000 and Rs 40,000 respectively.
- Pooni Ltd earned a profit of Rs 45000 for the year ended 31/3/2025
- On 1/1/2025 Maanu ltd sold Pooni ltd goods costing Rs 15000 for Rs 30000.
- On 31/3/2025 , 50% of the above goods were lying unsold in the godowns of Pooni Ltd.
Ans 6.
Consolidated Balance Sheet of Maanu Ltd. and its Subsidiary Pooni Ltd. as at 31-03-2025
Maanu Ltd. holds 75% shares in Pooni Ltd.; therefore Pooni Ltd. is a subsidiary and consolidation is required as per standard consolidation principles.
- Holding and Minority Interest
- Holding company (Maanu Ltd.) = 75%
- Minority interest = 25%
- Net Assets of Pooni Ltd. on Date of Acquisition (31-07-2024)
Formula:
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