Set – 1

Q.1. Describe the concept of marginal costing. Enlist the advantages and limitations of marginal costing. (2+4+4 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Concept of Marginal Costing

Marginal costing, also referred as direct or variable costing is a costing method in which only variable costs are charged to the cost unit or product to be the production cost and fixed expenses are regarded as cost of production and are wiped out completely against any contribution made during the time period when they are incurred. The fundamental principle of marginal costing rests on the concept of marginal cost. It can be defined as an additional costs incurred to produce

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Q.2. The competing companies, S Ltd. and R Ltd., produce and sell the same type of product in the same market. For the year ended March 2023, their forecasted profit and loss accounts are as follows: [S Ltd.: Sales Rs.6,00,000; Variable Cost Rs.4,00,000; Fixed Cost Rs.1,00,000; Total Cost Rs.5,00,000; Profit Rs.1,00,000]. [R Ltd.: Sales Rs.6,00,000; Variable Cost Rs.4,50,000; Fixed Cost Rs.50,000; Total Cost Rs.5,00,000; Profit Rs.1,00,000]. You are required to calculate: 1. P/V ratio and Break-even in sales (Rs.) of both the firms. 2. State volume at which each business will earn a profit of Rs.60,000. (4+6 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

P/V Ratio and Break-Even Analysis

The P/V Ratio shows the relation between sales and contribution. It shows the percentage of every sales rupee is available to cover fixed expenses, and also generate profits. An increase in the P/V ratio is a sign of better earning capacity and greater effectiveness in managing costs, due to the fact that a greater proportion of the revenue is used to generate profit.

Break-even analysis identifies the point of sales that the total amount of revenue is equal to total

Q.3. Explain the points of differentiation of management accounting with cost accounting and financial accounting. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Management Accounting vs Cost Accounting

Management accounting is a larger field that includes cost accounting as well as covers a wide range of making, planning and management activities like budgeting, evaluation of financial performance as well as strategic planning. Cost accounting, by contrast, focuses specifically on the precise record, classification, distribution and evaluation of the cost related to the manufacturing of services and goods. Cost accounting provides the cost data that management

Set – 2

Q.4. Analyse the objectives of a funds flow statement and evaluate how a funds flow statement differs from a cash flow statement. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Objectives of a Funds Flow Statement

A funds flow statement or statement of sources and the application of funds or statement on adjustments in working capital is a financial tool that records the movement of cash (changes of working capital) between two different balance sheet dates and explains how the financial resources were found and the way they were used throughout the time. The word “funds” in this sense traditionally means net working capital, the excess of current assets over the liabilities of

Q.5. The comparative statements of Income and Financial position are given below. You are required to calculate the following ratios for both years: 1) Current ratio, 2) Acid test ratio, 3) Debtors’ Turnover Ratio, 4) Average collection period, 5) Stock turnover ratio. (Assume 360 days in a year.) (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Ratio Analysis – Concept and Significance

Ratio analysis can be a significant technique of analysis of financial statements which is utilized to determine the general performance and financial health of any business. It’s about examining the relation to various numbers in financial statements like the income statement as well as the balance sheet. In converting huge amounts of financial information into clear and meaningful connections, ratio analysis helps in better understanding and interpretation of the financial

Q.6. Describe the components of responsibility accounting. Also, explain the advantages and limitations of responsibility accounting. (2+4+4 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Components of Responsibility Accounting

Responsible accounting is a control system that focuses on the management of individual managers who are accountable for certain segments of the organization, and ensuring that every manager accountable for profits, revenues, and costs profit generated within their region of control. It is founded on the notion that managers are evaluated only on factors within their management’s control. Effective monitoring and management requires a precise assigning

Set – 1

Q.1. Compare and contrast equity shares and fixed income securities as investment avenues. Explain which option you would recommend for a risk-averse investor. (7+3 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Equity Shares as Investment

Equity shares form part of the ownership in a company. They entitle shareholders to an equal share of residual profits as well as assets following the time all prior claims have been met. Equity investors receive dividends that vary in amount and are not guaranteed as the board of directors determines the amount on profits at the discretion of the board based on the company’s financial position and future capital needs. The dividends earned from equity investments consist of two components which are: dividend income and capital appreciation. Capital appreciation occurs when prices of shares increase beyond the cost of purchasing them and allows investors to MUJ

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Q.2. Explain the factors influencing investment decisions of domestic retail investors. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Factors Influencing Investment Decisions of Retail Investors

The investment decisions of domestic retail investors in India are affected by an intricate interplay between financial, psychological, social and regulatory variables. Understanding these determinants is essential for financial experts, market regulators and those who want to enhance the effectiveness of retail investment decisions and channel household savings to productive capital creation.

Return and Risk Expectations

Expected returns are the main reason for investors to invest. Retail investors analyze possible

Q.3. a) Explain the term Beta and its relevance in investment decisions. b) Calculate the expected return using the CAPM formula. Given: Risk-free rate = 3%, Beta = 1.5, Expected return of the market = 9%. (4+6 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

1. a) Beta and Its Relevance in Investment Decisions

Beta is an indicator of systematic risk, which indicates the sensitivity of a security’s return to the changes in returns to the market. It indicates the amount an investment is likely to be able to move relative to a market index. One beta indicates a move in line with the market. Anything higher than 1 indicates greater volatility while a beta less than one indicates lower the risk of volatility. Beta focuses only on risks that are market-related and is not eliminated by

Set – 2

Q.4. Explain the features, advantages and challenges of real estate investments. (4+3+3 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Features of Real Estate Investments

Real estate investing involves the purchase, ownership, management lease, sale, or purchase of land and buildings for the purpose of generating profits, capital appreciation or both. Real estate is a tangible and immovable asset that occupies a unique position in the investment landscape because of its physical characteristics, local market characteristics as well as its double role of an investment asset as well as an economic source of income for individuals and companies. The real estate investment portfolio includes residential property, commercial office and retail spaces

Q.5. Elaborate on the derivative contracts of Forwards and Futures. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Derivative Contracts: Introduction

The derivative contracts of financial instrument whose value is derived from an underlying asset, index or rate and not by the nature that the instrument. The base asset could include equity shares, stock market indices, commodities, currencies, interest rates, and other financial instruments. They serve two main financial functions: hedging which involves reducing risk by using an offset in the derivative market; and speculation, where you can take position to benefit from expected price fluctuations. The derivatives market is a source of cost discovery, risk

Q.6. Evaluate the advantages and risks associated with investing in mutual funds, in the context of the geopolitical tensions arising from the Iran–US conflict. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Mutual Funds – Advantages

Mutual funds are professionally-managed group investment vehicles that collect money from large numbers of investors. They then invest the fund in a diversifying range of securities that are in line with the plan’s objectives for investment and the risk profile. The primary advantages of mutual fund investment makes them the ideal alternative for retail investors with limited knowledge, experience or the capital needed to create and manage diversified investment

Set – 1

Q.1. Discuss why general acceptability is an essential characteristic of money. How does it influence the utility of money? (4+6 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

General Acceptability as an Essential Characteristic of Money

General acceptability is the most essential and distinctive characteristic of money. This distinguishes it from all other physical items and financial instruments. To allow any object or item to function as money the item must be acknowledged by all the participants in the economic system as an appropriate medium for trade for goods, services, and settlement of debts with no hesitation. If it is not universally accepted, the primary function of the currency of exchange ceases completely and economic actors are forced to switch to barter systems that are prone to

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Q.2. Deposits are created by loans and loans are created by deposits. Explain this statement. Discuss the limitations of credit creations. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Deposits Created by Loans and Loans Created by Deposits

The assertion that deposits make loans, and loans generate deposits illustrates the basic mechanism behind credit creation within a contemporary banks that operate on fractional reserve. This reciprocal relationship lies at the core of how commercial banks expand the money supply far beyond the quantity of physical currency available, and a thorough understanding of it is crucial in understanding monetary economics as well as the theory of banking.

If an commercial bank offers an loan to a borrower, it does not physically transfer money out of

Q.3. Describe the Key Functions and Objectives of Banking Codes and Standard Board of India (BCSBI). (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Banking Codes and Standards Board of India (BCSBI)

The Banking Codes and Standards Board of India (BCSBI) was created in February of 2006 to be an independent, autonomous banking industry watchdog that was registered as a society in the Societies Registration Act, 1860. It was created by the Reserve Bank of India conceptualized BCSBI in response to the recommendations by the Committee on Procedures and Performance Audit of Public Services (CPPAPS) which was headed by S.S. Tarapore, recognizing the need for an independent body dedicated specifically to ensure that banks adhere to their steadfast standards for customer service regularly and with a sense of humour. BCSBI serves as the

Set – 2

Q.4. Describe the qualitative instruments of monetary policy. How do these tools influence the money supply and interest rates. (4+6 = 10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Qualitative Instruments of Monetary Policy

Quantitative instruments of monetary policies often referred to as selective credit controls, are instruments used to control the Reserve Bank of India to manage the nature, scope and the conditions of commercial banks, rather than directly controlling the overall quantity of cash in the market. In contrast to instruments that are quantitative, such as repo rates or the Cash Reserve Ratio which impact the amount of credit available and affect the total amount of credit,

Q.5. Write a note on ‘New Bank Licensing Policy 2013’. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

New Bank Licensing Policy 2013

The New Bank Licensing Policy of 2013 was a landmark regulation initiative of the Reserve Bank of India that allowed for the fresh banking from the private sector in India following a gap of around ten years between the previous round of bank licenses in 2003-04. The RBI published the official guidelines to license new banks from the private sector on February 13, 2013 and invited applications from industrial houses, non-banking financial companies, and other eligible

Q.6. Define the Non-performing Assets (NPA). Explain the classification of NPA. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Definition of Non-Performing Assets (NPA)

A Non-Performing Asset (NPA) is a loan or advance in the books of a bank on which the borrower has stopped making scheduled interest payments or principal repayments for a specified period, making the asset non-income-generating for the lending bank. In India there is a Reserve Bank of India defines an asset as non-performing when an amount of interest, or principal payments remain in arrears for more than 90 days in respect of the term of loans. For agricultural loans, the NPA classification is determined by the time of the year: if there is no

Set – 1

Q.1. Explain the history of the internet. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

Origins and Early Development of the Internet

The development of the internet has been one of the most transformational technological advancements in history, evolving from a classified military network of communication to the global civilian information infrastructure that supports all aspects of modern communication, commerce as well as knowledge exchange. The roots of the internet are traced to the U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency, that established ARPANET in the year 1969. The network was open, decentralized network with a packet switcher that was

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Q.2. Discuss the E-Commerce framework architecture in details. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

E-Commerce Framework Architecture

E-commerce framework architecture refers to the complete multi-layered technical as well as business infrastructure that allows for electronic transactions in commerce over the internet. Knowing this structure is crucial for the creation of robust, scalable as well as secure online commerce platforms. The framework can be conceptualized as a system of interdependent layers

Q.3. Discuss various types of Business model in details. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Business Models in E-Commerce

The e-commerce model business model defines the mechanism through how a company generates deliver, monetizes, and also captures profits from online commercial transactions, specifying who the customers are, what value they being provided, how transactions are made possible, and what revenue sources are used. The internet’s rise has enabled fundamentally innovative business models previously impractical or impossible in the physical world which has significantly expanded the variety of commercial possibilities available to entrepreneurs and

Set – 2

Q.4. Describe in detail third party payment processing. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Third Party Payment Processing

Third party payment processing refers to the use of specialized independent intermediary firms that oversee and facilitate electronic financial transactions between sellers and buyers for merchants on their behalf, making it unnecessary for merchants to establish direct connections to multiple banks and networks. Instead of creating individual merchant accounts for each card network and coordinating the complicated transactions on their own, firms join with a third party

Q.5. Explain the concept of internet marketing. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Concept of Internet Marketing

Internet marketing, often referred to as digital marketing or online marketing, refers to the practice of spreading awareness about brands, products, and services brands in order to attract audiences using internet-based channels, platforms, as well as technologies. It makes use of the interactivity, measurement and personalised capabilities of digital media. It allows you to communicate with potential clients at a large scale, with precisely targeted messages creating

Q.6. Write in details about various types of m commerce. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

Mobile Commerce (M-Commerce)

Mobile commerce, also known by the abbreviation m-commerce, is any transaction in commerce, information exchange, or the delivery of services that is carried out using handheld wireless devices, including tablets, smartphones and wearable devices. M-commerce comes from the fusion of mobile telecommuting and electronic commerce, extending the accessibility and reach of transactions via digital technology beyond the desktop computer to wherever users carry

Set – 1

Q.1. Explain the different forms of the International factor movement. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

International Factor Movement

International factor movement is the trans-border movement of certain manufacturing factorsincluding capital, work, technology, and entrepreneurship and technology — from places which have a high supply and affordable to other countries in which they’re expensive and scarce. Like international trade which is transportation of items and services between countries, international factor movement involves the transfer of production elements themselves. The movement of factors and commodities often have alternatives in relation to one another. A

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Q.2. Illustrate any five types of foreign aid. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Types of Foreign Aid

Foreign aid means the transfer of funds, such as funds, products, know-how, and military equipment from developed donor countries or international organisations to emerging or least developed recipient countries. Foreign aid has multiple concurrent goals, including relief for the needy as well as development and promotion impact on geopolitical issues along with security cooperation as well as support for recipient countries in meeting multilateral obligations. The

production.

Q.3. Discuss the concept of globalization and its impact on international trade. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 3.

Concept of Globalization

Globalization is a complicated, multi-dimensional process of increasing the degree of cultural, economic technological and political connectivity and interdependence of nations, companies, and individuals throughout the world. The most relevant commercial aspect, includes gradual reduction, and eventually removal of obstacles to the freedom of movement of goods or services, capital technologies, and data beyond national borders. This has been facilitated by the deliberate liberalization of trade policies in the GATT as well as the WTO structure, as well as

Set – 2

Q.4. Elaborate the key components of International Banking. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

Key Components of International Banking

International banking is the term used to describe business and financial operations carried out by banks across borders that facilitate international trade, investments, as well as capital flow between different countries. With economies becoming more globally integrated, global banking has become a complex, sophisticated process that is vital to the functioning of the world economy. The major elements of international banking cover the various functions and

Q.5. Discuss the concept of the Balance of Payments and its key components. (3+7 = 10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Concept of Balance of Payments

The Balance of Payments (BoP) is a complete statistical report which records every single one of the economic transactions between residents of the country and those around the globe during a specified period, typically 1 year or one quarter. Produced by central banks and statistics authorities in line with IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual standards It is the BoP is a comprehensive record of every trans-border transfer of products, services or income as well as

Q.6. Summarize the contribution of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to global trade. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

GATT and Its Contribution to Global Trade

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a major international treaty, signed in Geneva on October 30, 1947, by a group of 23 signatories, which established the first broad multilateral system of regulations for international trade of merchandise. GATT originated from postwar economic structure of the international economy that was conceived at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 together with the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.