Assignment SET – I

1.a. Define the concept of data visualization and list its key applications across different industries with suitable examples. 5 

b. Explain the importance of understanding data types and how they affect the accuracy and clarity of visual representation in Excel. 5

Ans 1.

(a) Concept of Data Visualization and Its Key Applications Across Industries

Data Visualization

Data visualization is the process of representing raw data in a graphical or pictorial form to make information easier to understand and interpret. It converts complex data into meaningful visuals such as charts, graphs, dashboards, and infographics that help in identifying trends, correlations, and patterns. In a world dominated by data, visualization acts as a vital communication tool that bridges the gap between data and decision-making.

Purpose and Relevance

The primary purpose of data visualization is to simplify analysis and present insights that can

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2.a. Explain the various types of bar charts available in Excel. Differentiate among them with examples of when each type is most appropriate. 5     

 b.Demonstrate the process of creating a Gantt chart in Excel and explain its role in project management and scheduling. 5

Ans 2.

(a) Types of Bar Charts in Excel and Their Appropriate Use

Bar Charts

Bar charts are among the most widely used data visualization tools in Excel. They represent categorical data with rectangular bars whose lengths are proportional to the values they depict. Bar charts are ideal for comparing quantities across different categories or tracking changes over time when the differences are significant.

Types of Bar Charts

Excel provides several variations of bar charts, each designed for specific analytical needs.

3.a. What is a Scatter Plot in Excel? Explain its main purpose and write the steps to create it. Also discuss how it helps in showing relationships between two variables.   5         

b. Analyze the process, structure, and applications of Waterfall Charts in Excel. Explain how they help in understanding changes in financial data, such as profit and loss statements or budget analysis. 5

Ans 3.

(a) Scatter Plot in Excel and Its Use in Showing Variable Relationships

Scatter Plots

A scatter plot, also known as an XY chart, is a visualization used to examine the relationship between two numerical variables. In Excel, it plots data points on horizontal (X-axis) and vertical (Y-axis) coordinates, making it ideal for identifying correlations, trends, and outliers within datasets.

Purpose and Interpretation

The primary purpose of a scatter plot is to show how one variable changes in response to

Assignment SET – II

 4a. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using Python for data visualization, providing relevant examples from real-world contexts. 5

b.Illustrate the step-by-step process of generating a Word Cloud in Python and explain the significance of each step. 5

Ans 4.

(a) Python for Data Visualization: Advantages and Disadvantages

Strengths and Ecosystem Power

Python’s biggest advantage in visualization is its rich ecosystem. Libraries such as Matplotlib, Plotly, Seaborn, and Altair span from publication-grade static plots to highly interactive, browser-ready visuals. Seamless integration with NumPy, pandas, and scikit-learn enables an end-to-end pipeline—from cleaning and modeling to charting—inside one language. In real-world analytics, a data scientist can aggregate sales data with pandas and immediately produce comparative trend lines or cohort heatmaps, while a product team might deploy Plotly Dash to

5.a. Compare different imputation techniques used for handling missing   data, and analyze their impact on the quality of data visualization. 5 

b. Evaluate the key steps involved in time series analysis, from data collection to forecasting, and justify the importance of each stage in trend prediction. 5

Ans 5.

(a). Imputation Techniques for Missing Data and Their Impact on Visualization Quality

Simple Imputation and Its Visual Risks

Mean or median imputation is quick and preserves dataset size, but it compresses variance and can flatten distributions. Visuals such as histograms and box plots may misleadingly suggest tighter spreads, while relationships in scatter plots can be diluted.

Hot-Deck and KNN Approaches

Hot-deck imputation draws plausible values from similar cases, retaining realistic distributional

6.a. Explain in brief about the best practices for designing effective 3D visualizations, focusing on design principles, interactivity, and accessibility to ensure clarity and user engagement. 5     

b.Design an effective data storytelling strategy for dashboard development. Explain how storytelling enhances communication, insight generation, and decision-making in dashboards. 5

Ans 6.

(a) Best Practices for Effective 3D Visualizations: Design, Interactivity, Accessibility

Design Principles for Clarity

Use 3D only when depth encodes genuine information—such as spatial coordinates or volumetric density. Minimize occlusion by thoughtful camera angles and transparent surfaces, and avoid perspective exaggeration that distorts magnitude perception. Provide consistent lighting and restrained textures so form, not gloss, carries meaning. Axes, ticks, and legends

Set – I

1. What are the different types of Database Management systems (DBMS)? Provide a brief explanation of each type. 10

Ans 1.

Types of Database Management Systems (DBMS) and Their Explanation

A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that enables users to store, retrieve, and manipulate data efficiently. It provides a systematic and organized approach for managing large volumes of data while ensuring consistency, accuracy, and security. Different types of DBMS exist depending on the data structure and application requirements, each serving unique organizational needs.

Hierarchical Database Management System

The hierarchical DBMS organizes data in a tree-like structure where each record has a single

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2. Explain the concept of normalization in DBMS and its importance. Discuss each normal form (1NF to 5NF) with examples. 10

Ans 2.

Concept and Importance of Normalization in DBMS with Normal Forms (1NF to 5NF)

Normalization

Normalization is a systematic process in DBMS that organizes data to minimize redundancy and ensure data integrity. By dividing large tables into smaller, related ones, normalization eliminates anomalies such as update, insert, and delete anomalies. It was first introduced by E.F. Codd as part of the relational model, and each normal form builds upon the previous one, enhancing data structure efficiency.

First Normal Form (1NF)

A table is in 1NF when all its attributes contain only atomic (indivisible) values and each

3. Explain the concepts of serializability and recoverability in transaction management. Illustrate how rollbacks can be managed using locking mechanisms. 10

Ans 3.

Serializability and Recoverability in Transaction Management with Rollback Illustration

Transaction Management

Transaction management in DBMS ensures that all database operations follow the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties. Serializability and recoverability are key concepts that guarantee correctness and consistency in concurrent transaction execution. They help ensure that multiple users accessing data simultaneously do not

Set – II

4. Explain the concept of database recovery management. Discuss the different levels of backup techniques used for recovering data. 10

Ans 4.

Database Recovery Management and Backup Techniques

Database Recovery Management

Database recovery management refers to the process of restoring a database to a consistent and operational state after a system crash, hardware failure, or human error. The primary goal is to ensure the Atomicity and Durability of transactions as defined by the ACID properties. Recovery management ensures that no data is permanently lost and that the database reflects the most recent consistent state. It uses a combination of logging, backup, and checkpoint

5. What are the three machine architectures commonly used to run parallel DBMS? Explain each with its relevance to parallel database systems. 10

Ans 5.

Machine Architectures for Parallel DBMS

Parallel Database Management Systems (Parallel DBMS) are designed to process large-scale data workloads efficiently by executing operations simultaneously across multiple processors or nodes. Their success depends heavily on the underlying hardware architecture. Three primary machine architectures support parallel DBMS implementations: Shared Memory, Shared Disk, and Shared Nothing. Each architecture defines how processors communicate

6. Discuss the concept of Data Fragmentation in Distributed databases. Explain its types in detail. 10

Ans 6.

Data Fragmentation in Distributed Databases and Its Types

Data Fragmentation

Data fragmentation is a key concept in Distributed Database Systems (DDBS) that enhances efficiency by dividing a database into smaller, manageable pieces known as fragments. These fragments are stored across multiple sites in a distributed network, allowing parallel processing, improved data locality, and faster query performance. Fragmentation ensures that data is distributed logically while maintaining overall integrity and accessibility.

Purpose and Advantages

The main purpose of data fragmentation is to improve performance, availability, and

SET-I

1. What are the primary components of a C program? Elaborate on the different features of the C language. 5+5

Ans 1.

Primary Components of a C Program and Features of the C Language

C is one of the most fundamental and powerful programming languages that form the backbone of modern software development. Designed by Dennis Ritchie in the early 1970s, it provides a structured and efficient approach to programming. Understanding the components of a C program and the language’s core features is essential for developing robust and portable applications.

Primary Components of a C Program

A typical C program consists of several key components that define its structure and logic.

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2.a. Compare and contrast while and do-while loops in terms of execution flow and behaviour.

1. Differentiate between the break statement and the continue statement. 5+5

Ans 2.

Loops are fundamental control structures in C programming that allow repetitive execution of statements based on a condition. Among them, the while and do-while loops are commonly used but differ in their control flow and execution behavior. Additionally, understanding the distinction between break and continue statements is essential for managing loop termination and flow control effectively.

1. Comparison Between While and Do-While Loops

A while loop checks its condition before executing the loop body, making it a pre-test loop. The

3. What is the significance of storage classes in C programming? Explain the different types of storage classes with their characteristics and examples 2+8

Ans 3.

Significance and Types of Storage Classes in C Programming

Storage classes in C define the scope, lifetime, and visibility of variables within a program. They determine how memory is allocated for variables and how long they persist during execution. Understanding storage classes is crucial for efficient memory management and for writing modular, maintainable programs.

Significance of Storage Classes

The main significance of storage classes lies in their ability to control variable accessibility and

SET-II

4. Define a string. Explain how strings are declared and initialized in C. Describe various string handling functions with examples. 2+3+5

Ans 4.

String

In the C programming language, a string is defined as a sequence of characters terminated by a null character ‘\0’. This null character marks the end of the string and distinguishes it from an ordinary array of characters. Strings are widely used for handling text-based data such as names, sentences, and messages. In C, strings are stored as arrays of type char, where each element represents a single character in memory.

Declaration and Initialization of Strings

Strings can be declared in two primary ways—using character arrays or character pointers. The

5. a. What is the difference between structure and union in C?
6. Explain various functions used in dynamic memory allocation. 5+5

Ans 5.

Difference Between Structure and Union, and Functions in Dynamic Memory Allocation

1. Difference Between Structure and Union

Both structures and unions in C are user-defined data types that group different types of variables under one name. However, they differ fundamentally in memory allocation and data handling. A structure allocates separate memory space for each member, allowing simultaneous storage and access of all variables. For instance:

struct student {

int rollno;

char name[20];

6. Explain various graphics functions available in the graphics.h library in C. Describe their syntax and purpose with suitable examples. 10

Ans 6.

Graphics Functions in graphics.h Library: Syntax, Purpose, and Examples

graphics.h

The graphics.h library in C provides a simple and effective way to implement graphical operations such as drawing shapes, coloring, and rendering text. It was primarily developed for Turbo C/C++ environments and offers a procedural interface to graphics hardware via the Borland Graphics Interface (BGI). Though outdated for modern systems, it remains foundational for understanding low-level computer graphics concepts.

Initialization and Setup

Before using any graphics functions, the graphics mode must be initialized using:

Set-I

1.a) Explain the difference between implicit and explicit type conversion with suitable examples.

1. b) What risks can arise if a file is not properly closed after completing operations? 5+5

Ans 1.

 (a) Implicit and Explicit Type Conversion

Type conversion in Python refers to the process of changing the data type of a value into another type so that operations can be performed smoothly. Python provides two broad categories of type conversion: implicit and explicit. Implicit conversion occurs automatically during program execution when Python internally promotes a smaller data type into a larger one to prevent data loss. For example, when an integer and float are used together in an expression like 5 + 3.5, Python automatically converts the integer into a float and produces a floating-point result. This

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Q2. a) What is a list? Explain the insert(), append(), and extend() methods with examples.

1. b) Explain the use of following string functions: – upper(), lower(), isdigit(), isalpha(), split(), join() with example. 5+5

Ans 2.

 (a) List and Explanation of insert(), append(), extend()

A list in Python is a versatile and ordered collection that can store multiple values, including mixed data types such as integers, strings, and even nested lists. Lists are mutable, meaning their contents can be altered after creation. They allow indexing, slicing, and support a wide variety of built-in methods that make them one of the most frequently used data structures in Python programming. Lists are written using square brackets, for example: names = [“John”, “Aisha”, “Ravi”]. The ability to dynamically add or modify elements makes lists suitable for tasks such as

Q3. a) Why is exception handling important? How can multiple exceptions be handled in Python? Explain with an example.

1. b) Discuss the different methods used to read data from a file. 5+5

Ans 3.

 (a) Importance of Exception Handling and Multiple Exceptions

Exception handling in Python is an essential mechanism that ensures programs do not terminate abruptly when unexpected errors occur. Without exception handling, even a minor error such as division by zero, invalid input, or a failed file operation may cause the entire program to stop functioning. This negatively affects user experience, reliability, and stability. Exception handling allows the programmer to predict possible errors and write alternate blocks of code to manage

Set-II

Q4. a) What are view functions in Flask? Explain static and dynamic routes in detail.

1. b) Write a regular expression for validating Indian mobile numbers entered by users. (+91-XXXXXXXXXX) 5+5

Ans 4.

 (a) View Functions in Flask & Static vs Dynamic Routes

In Flask, a view function refers to the function that is connected to a specific URL of the web application. When a user visits a particular route in the browser, Flask executes the associated view function and returns the response. A view function generally returns HTML content, JSON data, or any valid HTTP response. It forms the core of request–response handling because it decides how the application behaves when a specific endpoint is accessed. The function is mapped to a route using the @app.route() decorator, making it easy to associate URLs with

Q5.a) Explain the role of game loops and event handling in game development. b) What are transactions? Explain importance of SAVEPOINT in transaction failure. 5+5

Ans 5.

 (a) Role of Game Loops and Event Handling in Game Development

Game loops play a central role in game development because they continuously control how a game progresses. Every game needs to update its characters, animations, physics, and environment at a steady, predictable pace. The game loop manages these updates by running repeatedly from the moment the game starts until it ends. During each iteration of the loop, the game reads player input, updates game objects, checks conditions, and redraws the screen. Without a loop, a game would remain static and would not respond to movement, collisions, or

6.a) Explain the significance of PEP8 guidelines in Python development. b) What do you understand by Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) in the context of Python applications?           5+5           

Ans 6.

 (a) Significance of PEP8 Guidelines in Python Development

PEP8 is the official style guide for writing Python code, and it plays a significant role in ensuring that Python programs remain readable, consistent, and maintainable. The purpose of PEP8 is not just aesthetic—it helps developers write code that is easy to understand by others working on the same project. Consistent naming conventions, indentation rules, spacing, and line length guidelines make large codebases more structured, reducing confusion and errors. When teams

SET-I

Question 1:

If , show that

Ans 1.

We know that the derivative of a function  is given by the definition of the limit:

Now, substitute  :

Simplify the numerator using the property  :

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Question 2.

Ans 2.

Let

We split it into three standard integrals:

Question 3. Find all second-order partial derivatives for

Ans 3.

First-order partials

• With respect to :
• With respect to :

SET-II

Question 4.

We have to find magnitudes of:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Ans 4.

(i) Magnitude of

Question 5:

Find the value of

(All angles are in degrese:)

Ans 5.

Step 1 – Recall trigonometric values

Question 6.

Prove that

Ans 6.

Step 1-Square both sides

Square both sides to remove the square root

Step 2 – Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator Multiply by (  ) to rationalize

SET-I

Q1. Find the inverse of the matrix   using the adjoint method.

Ans 1.

To find the inverse of matrix  using the adjoint method, follow these steps:

Step 1: Compute the Determinant

Let

Using cofactor expansion alang the first row:

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Q2. Find the solution to the following system using  elimination:

Ans 2.

Solve the system by elmmation

Step 1: Eliminate  between pairs
From (2) and (1): form (2) – 3 – (1) to cancel .

Q3. Let , , and  .

If , find the composition       .

Ans 3.

Composition  with manual substitution

Given functions and their codomains:

Definition (composition)

SET- II

Q4. Show that

Ans 4.

We show the equivalence using standard propositional equivalences. Recall the definition of implication

Start with the left-hand side:

Apply distributivity of V over A :

Q5. The following table shows the number of books read by students in a month:

Find the median number of books read.

Ans 5.

Median of grouped data

Classes and frequencies

Total  Compute .

Q6. Explain the difference between connected graphs and complete graphs.

Ans 6.

In graph theory, graphs are used to represent relationships among a set of objects, where vertices (or nodes) denote the objects and edges denote the connections between them. Two important types of graphs that describe different degrees of connectivity are connected graphs and complete graphs. Although both relate to how vertices are linked, they differ fundamentally in