Set – 1

Q.1. Explain the different types of Artificial Intelligence (Reactive Machines, Limited Memory, Theory of Mind, and Self-aware AI). Analyse their capabilities and limitations with suitable examples.

Ans 1.

Types of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Systems are classified as four different types based upon their abilities to think and to understand or think about their environment.

Reactive Machines

Reactive Machines represent the most basic type of AI. These systems process current inputs and create outputs using predetermined rules. They do not have any memory of past interactions.

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Q.2. Give the architecture and working of TensorFlow and PyTorch frameworks. Discuss their associated cloud-based deployment tools and their role in scalable model serving.

Ans 2.

TensorFlow: Architecture and Working

TensorFlow is an open source machine-learning framework created by Google Brain and released publicly in the year 2015. The architecture of the framework is built on computational graphs. Nodes represent mathematical operations and edges represent the multidimensional data arrays referred to tensors moving between each other. In TensorFlow 2.x the eager execution

Q.3. Compare and contrast supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning paradigms. Illustrate each with suitable real-world examples and highlight their key differences.

Ans 3.

Supervised Learning

Supervised learning is the process of training models on data labeled and each example of training is paired with a corresponding accurate output. It learns how to convert the inputs into outputs by decreasing the variance between its forecasts and the actual labels. The two main tasks are classification and regression. two main duties. Image classification systems that identify the presence of a pet or a cat are built on millions of labels images. Spam email filters learn from

Set – 2

Q.4. Analyse the role of cloud-based computer vision services in modern applications. How do object detection and image classification techniques improve automation and decision-making?

Ans 4.

Cloud-Based Computer Vision Services

Cloud-based computer vision solutions provide the ability to use ready-to-use AI capabilities to understand visual information using easy API calls. This eliminates the requirement for companies to develop and train their own deep-learning models completely from scratch. Cloud providers that are leading in their field, such as AWS Rekognition, Google Cloud Vision API, and Azure Computer Vision offer a extensive array of computer vision capabilities in managed

Q.5. What are cloud-based Natural Language Processing (NLP) services? Discuss key NLP tasks such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, and machine translation, along with their real-world applications.

Ans 5.

Cloud-Based NLP Services

Cloud-based Natural Language Processing (NLP) services are controlled AI products that help applications to understand, interpret and translate human speech via API-based access to pretrained large models of language. The major cloud platforms, including AWS Comprehend, Google Cloud Natural Language API, Azure Cognitive Services Text Analytics, and OpenAI

Q.6. How cloud-based AI pipelines enable efficient development and deployment of machine learning models? Explain each stage of the pipeline with suitable examples.

Ans 6.

Cloud-Based AI Pipelines

Cloud-based AI pipelines are automated end-to-end processes that simplify every step of developing, training reviewing, and deploying model-based learning at a scale. They abstract infrastructure management, ensure reproducibility, enable collaboration among teams, and help speed the transition of raw data into production-ready models. Major cloud providers offer managed pipeline services including Google Vertex AI Pipelines, AWS SageMaker Pipelines,

Assignment Set – 1

Q.1. a) Explain the different cloud service models that provide development environments, tools, frameworks, and runtime support for developers. b) Differentiate between SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, and NaaS based on the criteria such as level of user control and target users to give examples.

Ans 1.

(a) Cloud Service Models for Developers

Platform as a Service (PaaS) is the cloud model of service specifically designed for developers. It is a comprehensive development platform in the cloud. This includes tools and frameworks, runtime environment databases, as well deployment pipelines. Developers can write applications, test and then deploy applications, without having to handle the storage or servers as well as networking infrastructure.

On Google Cloud, App Engine is a PaaS solution that is compatible with languages like Python,

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Q.2. a) Explain how Google Cloud offers cost-effective pricing for long-term cloud usage. b) Compare the role of sustained use discounts and committed use discounts in reducing overall cloud costs.

Ans 2.

(a) Google Cloud’s Cost-Effective Pricing for Long-Term Usage

Google Cloud is known for providing transparent and competitive pricing that reward customers who continue to use of the infrastructure. Contrary to other providers which require upfront commitments to access reductions, Google Cloud offers automatic discounts and flexible commitment options designed to reduce costs for longer-term work.

Google Cloud’s pricing is built on per-second billing for Compute Engine instances, which

Q.3. a) Describe the most appropriate use case for Archive Storage. b) Explain why it is suitable for long-term data preservation and provide examples of such use cases.

Ans 3.

(a) Most Appropriate Use Case for Archive Storage

Archive Storage is a kind of cloud storage that is designed to store data that is accessed very often, but needs to be kept for a longer time. It is available on Google Cloud, it is the cheapest storage option within Cloud Storage and is intended for files that are accessed only once or less per year.

The most appropriate use case that is suitable for Archive Storage is long-term backup and

Assignment Set – 2

Q.4. a) Explain the concept of cold start in the context of Cloud Functions. b) Describe how it occurs and its impact on function execution.

Ans 4.

(a) Concept of Cold Start in Cloud Functions

A cold start in the context of Cloud Functions refers to the period of time that is experienced when a function is invoked in the first instance or after an extended period of inactivity, and the cloud platform needs to initialize an entirely new execution environment before the function code can run. Cloud Functions is a serverless computing service that manages all of the

Q.5. a) Explain how to configure a Cloud SQL instance so that it has no public endpoint and is accessible only within a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). b) Discuss the role of private IP connectivity in ensuring secure database access.

Ans 5.

(a) Configuring Cloud SQL with No Public Endpoint (VPC-Only Access)

To set up an Cloud SQL instance so that it does not have a public endpoint and can only be accessed within a VPC with a private IP, this option must be selected in the creation of the instance. The public IP has to be turned off.

Within the Google Cloud Console, when making a Cloud SQL instance, navigate to the

Q.6. a) Define the best practices in a secure development lifecycle on Google Cloud. b) Identify and describe a practice that does not belong in a secure development lifecycle and justify your answer.

Ans 6.

(a) Best Practices in a Secure Development Lifecycle on Google Cloud

It is a Secure Development Lifecycle (SDLC) is a system that incorporates security practices into every phase of development. In Google Cloud various guidelines are suggested to ensure that apps are built and deployed securely.

Risk Modeling is the very first method. Before writing code team members and developers

Assignment Set – 1

Q.1. Differentiate between foreground and background processes and daemon processes in Unix. What are system calls? Explain the functions of fork(), exec(), open(), read(), and write().

Ans 1.

Foreground, Background, and Daemon Processes

In Unix, a foreground process is executed directly within the terminal session. It is present in the shell till it’s finished. The user has to remain patiently waiting for it to complete before entering another command. It is impossible to use the terminal. As an example, the cat command

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Q.2. What are the different process states in UNIX? Explain each state. What are signals in UNIX? Explain common terminating signals such as SIGKILL, SIGTERM, and SIGSEGV.

Ans 2.

Process States in UNIX

Every single process that runs Unix goes through a set of state changes throughout its life. The operating system scheduler manages the process based upon available resources as well as system-related events.

The term “running state” refers to the way in which the program is currently executing within the

Q.3. Explain User Authentication Mechanisms in UNIX with reference to PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) and SSH. Describe how password-based and public key authentication work in SSH.

Ans 3.

PAM – Pluggable Authentication Modules

PAM is a flexible framework used in Unix as well as Linux systems that handles the authentication of users in a modular and flexible manner. Prior to PAM was introduced, all applications that required authentication had to implement its own authentication code. PAM simplifies the process by offering the standard interface applications are able to use, but the

Assignment Set – 2

Q.4. Explain the different types of shells in UNIX. Describe the features of Bourne shell (sh), Bourne Again shell (bash), Z shell (zsh), Korn shell (ksh), and C shell (csh).

Ans 4.

Introduction to Unix Shells

A shell within Unix is a command-line interpreter that connects users with the kernel. It executes commands entered via interactively or scripts. Unix offers a variety of shells that have various features. The choice of shell affects both performance and portability of scripts.

1. Bourne Shell (sh)

The Bourne shell, invented by Stephen Bourne at Bell Labs in 1979, was the first Unix shell. It’s

Q.5. What are the three standard file descriptors in UNIX and what do they represent?

Ans 5.

Introduction to File Descriptors

In Unix, a file-descriptor (FD) is an integer with a negative value that can be used by an operating system to identify the open file or resource within a process. When a process opens a file, creates pipes, or creates a network connection, the kernel returns a file descriptor that the process uses to perform additional read, write or close operations to that resource.

Each process running Unix is started with three standard file descriptors already open. These

Q.6. Explain static and dynamic memory allocation in UNIX-based C programs with their characteristics and examples of how each is used.

Ans 6.

Memory Allocation in Unix-Based C Programs

Memory management is an essential aspect of Unix-based C programming. C provides direct control over memory using dynamic as well as static allocation, and understanding both is essential for reliable systems development.

Static Memory Allocation

Static memory allocation is memory allocated at the time of compiling. The amount and the

Assignment Set – 1

Q.1. Explain the difference between an HTML element and an HTML tag, including how each is defined and used within a web page’s structure. Provide examples to clarify how tags form elements and how they work together in HTML.

Ans 1.

HTML Tags

HTML Tags are special codes that are used to mark the start or end of an HTML element. Angle brackets are used to write tags. Opening tags begin with the < sign, followed by the tag name and end with the > sign. Closing tags have a forward slash before the tag name. For instance, <p> is the start of a paragraph and </p> is the end of a paragraph.

The tags are instructions to the web browser. They instruct the browser in the way that the

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Q.2. Describe the various types of operators in JavaScript (such as arithmetic, logical, comparison, and assignment operators) and explain how conditional statements (like if, else, and switch) are used to control the flow of a program. Include examples to illustrate their usage.

Ans 2.

Types of Operators in JavaScript

In JavaScript, operators are symbols that are used in combination with one or more values referred to as operands. JavaScript offers various types of operators.

Arithmetic Operators

The Arithmetic operators are used to do arithmetic operations. These are + (addition), –

Q.3. Define what element nodes, attribute nodes, and text nodes are within the Document Object Model (DOM), and explain how each type contributes to representing and structuring the content of a web document. Include examples to demonstrate how these nodes interact.

Ans 3.

Introduction to the DOM

Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming model for representing an HTML or XML document as a tree of nodes. DOM Tree is built by a browser when loading a webpage by parsing HTML. This tree represents each part of the HTML document as a node. JavaScript can then manipulate the DOM using a read-only mode and dynamically update the content, structure, and style of the page. The nodes in the DOM can come in a variety of types, the most prominent

Assignment Set – 2

Q.4. Describe the role of the CSS Box Model in web design and explain why it is important for layout and spacing. Identify and discuss its main components such as content, padding, border, and margin and illustrate how they influence the size and positioning of elements on a webpage.

Ans 4.

Introduction to the CSS Box Model

The CSS Box Model is the way in which all HTML elements are displayed by the browser as rectangular boxes. Each element, including headings, paragraphs and divs has well-defined dimensions, spacing and borders. The box model is crucial for layout and alignment control of a webpage.

Components of the CSS Box Model

1. Content

Q.5. Explain how a MongoDB document is structured, including its use of key-value pairs and flexible schema design. Compare this structure with a row in a traditional SQL table, highlighting key differences such as schema rigidity, relationships, and data representation.

Ans 5.

Structure of a MongoDB Document

MongoDB is a NoSQL (non-relational) database that stores data in documents. Each document in MongoDB is a data record in Binary JSON format (BSON). It resembles and acts much like a JSON object to a developer. Each document is a set of key-value pairs with each key as a field name and each value as the data for that field.

One of MongoDB’s most important properties of documents is that they may contain items of

Q.6. Define what a Content Management System (CMS) is and describe its role in creating and managing digital content. Then compare open-source and proprietary CMS platforms by discussing their differences in terms of cost, customization, licensing, and control, along with examples of each type.

Ans 6.

Definition of a Content Management System (CMS)

Content Management System (CMS): This is a software system that enables users to manage and develop digital content on their websites, without the need for technical expertise in HTML, CSS, or programming. A CMS also lets the editor control content, such as text, images, and media, and how they are presented to visitors of the site, via a user-friendly dashboard.

The CMS system can be used to create websites, blogs, ecommerce sites, news websites, or

Assignment Set – 1

Q.1. Explain the core principles and goals of Software Engineering, and outline the key stages involved in the software development process.

Ans 1.

Core Principles and Goals of Software Engineering

Software engineering is the disciplined application of engineering principles to the design, development as well as the testing and maintenance of software technology. Its main goal is to make software that is secure effective, durable, and that is completed on time and within the budget.

The primary principle is modularity. Software should be split into smaller, independent modules

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Q.2. Compare the Prototyping Model, Agile Model, and V-Model by examining their workflows, strengths, and limitations.

Ans 2.

Prototyping Model

Prototyping Model: Prototyping Model involves building a functioning prototype of the program at the beginning of the process. It is a prototype version of the system which shows key elements. Users and stakeholders review the prototype, and give feedback. It is refined with feedback from stakeholders until the desired requirements are identified, at which point the final

Q.3. Distinguish between functional and non-functional requirements, and describe the methods used to document software requirements.

Ans 3.

Functional vs Non-Functional Requirements

Functional requirements specify the functions a software system is expected to perform. They specify specific actions or operations that the software must perform. These rules are tied directly to user actions and system responses. For instance, the user must be able to join and log in, the system must generate monthly sales reports, and it must also issue email alerts after each

Assignment Set – 2

Q.4. Explain the process of Object-Oriented Design and how object identification along with design models contributes to effective software development.

Ans 4.

Object-Oriented Design

Object-Oriented Design (OOD) is an approach to design that organizes a software system by defining it as a set of interconnected objects. Each object is an instance of a class and is a container for information (attributes) and behavior (methods). OOD draws on the requirements obtained during the process of analysis and translate them into a complete plan that is easily

Q.5. Describe the various categories of software maintenance, and discuss the concepts of software re-engineering and configuration management.

Ans 5.

Categories of Software Maintenance

Software maintenance refers to the activities that are carried out following software is delivered to modify, improve, or correct it. It’s usually the longest as well as most expensive phase of the software lifecycle. It is divided in four different categories.

Corrective Maintenance consists of correcting defects or issues that are discovered when the

Q.6. Examine different software quality metrics and explain how these metrics are utilized across the phases of analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance.

Ans 6.

Software Quality Metrics

Software quality metrics are quantifiable metrics used to assess diverse aspects of software quality. They aid development teams in making well-informed decisions, pinpoint issues, and measure improvements over time.

Lines of Code (LOC) is a measure of the size of software in terms of the quantity of lines coded.

Assignment Set – 1

Q.1. What is the Role of Virtualization in Cloud Computing?

Ans 1.

Introduction to Virtualization

Virtualization refers to the process of creating a virtual copy of physical resources such as a server, network, storage device or an operating system. In cloud computing, virtualization is the technology of base that allows it to offer computing resources in a timely manner to a variety of users on the web. Without virtualization, the concept of cloud computing as we see it today would not exist.

How Virtualization Works in Cloud Computing

Virtualization employs software, hypervisors to make and control virtual machines (VMs) within

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Q.2. Write a short note on i) AWS RDS  ii) Google Cloud SQL

Ans 2.

1. i) AWS RDS (Amazon Relational Database Service)

Amazon Web Services RDS is a fully-managed relationshipal database service that is provided by Amazon Web Services. It eases the process of installing, managing and expanding your relational database within the cloud by handling routine administrative tasks like providing hardware for provisioning, software patching back-up, recovery and monitoring.

AWS RDS supports several popular databases, including MySQL, PostgreSQL, MariaDB,

Q.3. Discuss the Multi-Cloud and Hybrid Strategies.

Ans 3.

Introduction

In the midst of organizations becoming more dependent on cloud services, two important implementation strategies have been developed as hybrid and multi-cloud. Both approaches help businesses avoid locking in vendors, boost reliability, and lower costs But they are different in how they combine cloud resources and other non-cloud ones.

Multi-Cloud Strategy

A multi-cloud strategy involves making use of cloud services offered by at least two different

Assignment Set – 2

Q.4. What are the Key Regulatory Frameworks?

Ans 4.

As cloud computing grows to become the backbone of global businesses, regulations are becoming essential in order to guarantee data privacy, security, and security. These frameworks define the rules that cloud providers and their customers have to adhere to when dealing with sensitive data. The understanding of the regulatory frameworks that are key is crucial for any

Q.5. Define Cloud Cost Management.

Ans 5.

Definition of Cloud Cost Management

Cloud cost management, also called cloud financial management or FinOps refers to the processes, practices as well as tools that organizations use to monitor, control, and optimize their spending on cloud computing services. As cloud adoption grows the risk of uncontrolled expenditure becomes a significant concern. Cloud cost management makes sure that enterprises

Q.6. What are the Types of Machine Learning?

Ans 6.

Introduction to Machine Learning

Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence which allows the systems to make use of data and enhance their performance over time without being explicitly programming. It is extensively used on cloud computing platforms to perform tasks such as the recognition of images, processing languages, fraud detection, and recommendation engines. Machine learning

Set-I

Q1. Describe the iterative development model and explain how it differs from the Waterfall model. 5+5      

Ans 1.

Iterative Development Model

The Iterative Development Model is a software development methodology where the process is broken down into smaller, repeated cycles or iterations. Each iteration goes through the stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, and testing, resulting in an incremental improvement in the software product. This approach allows for modifications and refinements after each cycle based on user feedback or testing outcomes. The project evolves over time with continuous evaluation and enhancement, leading to a more flexible and adaptive development

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Q2. Discuss Software Engineering and explain its importance in software development by giving suitable examples. 10  

Ans 2.

Software Engineering

Software engineering is the systematic, disciplined, and quantifiable approach to the design, development, testing, and maintenance of software systems. It encompasses a set of best practices, methodologies, and tools aimed at delivering high-quality software efficiently. The discipline ensures that software products are reliable, maintainable, and meet user requirements.

Importance of Software Engineering in Structured Development

The significance of software engineering lies in its ability to bring structure and organization to

Q3. What is the purpose of the Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document, and how does it guide development? 5+5     

Ans 3.

Definition and Purpose of the SRS Document

A Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is a comprehensive description of the intended functionality and constraints of a software application. It defines what the software is expected to do, how it should perform, and under what conditions. The primary purpose of the SRS is to serve as a formal agreement between the stakeholders—clients, developers, testers, and project managers—ensuring a shared understanding of the project requirements.

The SRS eliminates ambiguity by clearly listing functional requirements (what the system should

Set-II

Q4. Explain various code verification techniques. Write short notes on coding tool.     5+5     

Ans 4.

Code Verification Techniques

Code verification refers to the process of ensuring that software code meets the specified requirements and adheres to design principles before it is released for deployment. The main aim is to detect defects early in the development cycle and maintain code quality. Several code verification techniques are commonly used in the industry.

Static Code Analysis

This technique involves examining the code without executing it. Tools automatically scan the

Q5.  Describe the role of Software Project Management in managing project scope, time, and cost. 10         

Ans 5.

Software Project Management

Software Project Management (SPM) is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to plan, execute, and oversee software projects. It ensures that software products are delivered on time, within scope, and under budget, while meeting desired quality standards.

Managing Project Scope

Scope management involves defining what is included and excluded in the project. The project manager works closely with stakeholders to identify business requirements and translate them

Q6. Explain the importance of software testing and its different levels (unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing). 10         

Ans 6.

Software Testing

Software testing is the process of evaluating a software system to detect defects and ensure it meets the specified requirements. It is vital for ensuring software reliability, performance, security, and usability. Testing not only finds bugs but also verifies that the software behaves as expected under various conditions.

Testing reduces the risk of failure in production, improves user satisfaction, and ensures compliance with legal and industry standards. It also helps save time and costs by identifying