Set – I

Q1a. Differentiate between microcomputers, minicomputers, and mainframe computers with suitable examples. 5    

1. Explain the characteristics and applications of supercomputers in scientific and industrial research. 5

Ans 1.

1. Differentiate between Microcomputers, Minicomputers, and Mainframe Computers

Microcomputers

Microcomputers are small, low-cost computers designed for individual or personal use. They contain a microprocessor as the central processing unit and are popularly known as personal computers (PCs). Examples include desktop computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. Microcomputers are used for everyday tasks such as browsing, document creation, gaming, programming, and multimedia. Their storage capacity and processing speed are suitable for single-user operations. They are widely used in homes, schools, small offices, and shops due

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Q2. a. Define cache memory and explain how it improves the performance of a computer system.   

1. Simplify the Boolean expression using theorems:

  F = (A + B)(A + B’)

Ans 2.

1. Define Cache Memory and Explain How It Improves System Performance

Cache Memory and Its Role

Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located between the CPU and the main memory (RAM). It stores frequently accessed instructions and data so that the CPU can retrieve them quickly without repeatedly accessing slower RAM. Cache memory uses semiconductor technology similar to registers, making it extremely fast but more expensive.

Cache improves system performance by reducing memory access time. When the CPU needs data, it first checks the cache (cache hit). If the data is not present (cache miss), it is fetched from RAM and stored in the cache for future use. This reduces delays and accelerates

Set – II

Q4a. Explain the working principle of a Half Adder and Full Adder with neat logic circuit diagrams. 5      

1. Describe the difference between combinational and sequential logic circuits with suitable examples.

Ans 4.

1. Working Principle of Half Adder and Full Adder with Logic Diagrams

Half Adder – Working Principle

A Half Adder is a combinational circuit used to add two single-bit binary numbers. It produces two outputs: Sum (S) and Carry (C). The Half Adder takes inputs A and B and performs bitwise addition. The Sum output is obtained using XOR, since it generates 1 when only one input is 1. The Carry output is obtained using AND, because a carry is generated only when both inputs are 1. The truth table confirms this behavior: when A = 1 and B = 1, the sum becomes 0 and carry becomes 1. Hence, the half adder is suitable for adding the least

Q5a. What are latches? Explain the working of SR and JK latches with the help of logic diagrams. 5          

1. Draw the logic circuit for a JK flip-flop and write its truth table and characteristic equation. 5

Ans 5.

1. Latches, SR Latch, and JK Latch with Logic Diagrams

Definition of Latches

A latch is a basic memory device that stores one bit of information. It is a level-triggered circuit, meaning its output changes as long as the input signal is active. Latches are the building blocks of registers and flip-flops.

SR Latch Working

The SR (Set-Reset) Latch has two inputs, S and R, and two outputs Q and Q̅.

Q6a. Define counters and explain their role in sequential circuits. Compare up-counters and down-counters. 5           

1. Define registers and explain their importance in digital systems. Discuss the difference between serial and parallel registers. 5

Ans 6.

1. Counters, Their Role, Up vs Down Counters

Definition of Counters

A counter is a sequential circuit that counts clock pulses. It stores and displays numbers in binary form. Counters are widely used in timers, digital clocks, frequency counters, and microcontrollers.

Role of Counters

Counters track events, measure time intervals, divide frequencies, and control operations in digital systems. They are essential in traffic lights, calculators, digital meters, and control systems.