Assignment Set – 1

Q.1. A.) Explain the roles of the Database Administrator (DBA) and Database Users. B.) Explain Codd’s rules and their significance in relational database design. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 1.

A.) Roles of the Database Administrator and Database Users

The Database Administrator, commonly called DBA, is a skilled person who is in charge of overseeing the entire database environment. The DBA designs the database schema and physical structure, ensuring an efficient retrieval and storage. Essential responsibilities include setting up and configuring a databases management software, establishing the user account, with adequate access rights, conducting regular backups and operations to protect data from destruction, and

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Q.2. Explain the importance of keys in ER modeling and differentiate between primary, candidate, and composite keys. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Keys in Entity-Relationship modeling are either attributes or combinations of attributes that uniquely identify each particular entity within an entity set. Keys play a critical role to ensure data integrity by making connections between entities and in preventing duplicate records. Without keys, it would not be possible to distinguish between two distinct records, and to

Q.3. Draw and explain an ER diagram for a library management system, mentioning entities, attributes, and relationships. (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

An Entity-Relationship diagram can be described as an image representation of the schema of data for a computer system that shows entities, their properties, and connections between them. As a library system, the ER diagram outlines the structures that is required for managing membership, books as well as borrowing transactions in a way that is efficient.

Entities and Their Attributes

The Member entity is a representation of those who are registered as library members. Its

Assignment Set – 2

Q.4. Describe the types of anomalies in a database and give examples for each. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

The database anomalies can be described as problems or irregularities that occur in the database that is poorly constructed especially in tables that are not normalized. Anomalies occur when a table contains redundant data that leads to difficulties when adding updates, deleting, or inserting records. The understanding of the three kinds of anomalies is crucial to understand why

Q.5. Discuss the different categories of SQL commands with examples. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Structured Query Language, commonly called SQL is the most widely used software used to communicate with database systems that are relational. SQL commands are grouped into five main categories based on their purpose: Data Definition Language, Data Manipulation Language, Data Control Language, Transaction Control Language and Data Query Language.

Q.6. A.) Why is normalization important in relational databases? B.) Explain the ACID properties of a database transaction in detail. Why are these properties crucial in ensuring database reliability? Support your answer with suitable examples for each property. (5+5 = 10 Marks)

Ans 6.

A.) Importance of Normalization in Relational Databases

Normalization is the process of creating a relational database in order to reduce data redundancy and increase data integrity. It involves decomposing large poorly-structured tables into smaller, well-defined tables linked with foreign keys. If a database is not normalized, it suffers from insertion, update and deletion issues that lead to data inconsistencies. Normalization makes sure