Assignment Set – 1

Q.1. Compare and contrast the OSI and TCP/IP reference models. Discuss the specific functions of each layer and justify why the TCP/IP model is considered the standard for the modern internet. (10 Marks)

Ans 1.

OSI Reference Model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a seven-layer conceptual framework that was developed in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984 to standardize communication between diverse systems from different companies. It is a standard source of information on network communication through the division that is data exchange in seven different layers, each one with its own specific responsibility and well-defined interfaces to adjacent layers.

Physical Layer (Layer 1) manages the transmission of data over physical media. It also defines

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Q.2. Analyze the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP (RARP). Explain their working mechanisms, roles in mapping IP addresses to physical MAC addresses, and their significance in legacy systems or diskless workstations. (10 Marks)

Ans 2.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a networking protocol running at the boundary between the Network Layer (Layer 3) and the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) that resolves logical IPv4 addresses to physical addresses known as MAC (Media Access Control) addresses. Within the Ethernet network Data frames are transmitted using MAC addresses with 48 bits rather than IP addresses. When a host must forward a message for delivery to an IP destination on the same network segment to determine the destination’s MAC address before constructing an Ethernet

Q.3. Describe the structure of an IP datagram and explain the processes of fragmentation and reassembly, highlighting the role of the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). (10 Marks)

Ans 3.

IP Datagram Structure

An IP Datagram (or datagram) is the main protocol data unit for the Internet Protocol, encapsulating data for delivery across interconnected networks. The IPv4 datagram comprises the variable length header (minimum 20 bytes) and a payload. The header contains important fields to control routing, fragmentation, and processing errors.

Version (4 bits) The four bits indicate the IP version (4 for IPv4). IHL (Internet Header Length, 4

Assignment Set – 2

Q.4. Evaluate the Transport Layer protocols: TCP and UDP. Compare their segment structures, features (connection-oriented vs connectionless), and mechanisms for flow and congestion control. Provide examples of applications suited to each. (10 Marks)

Ans 4.

TCP – Transmission Control Protocol

TCP is a connection-oriented and solid transport protocol, which offers assured, ordered and error-checked transmission of a stream of data between applications. Before data exchange begins, TCP establishes a connection via a three-way handshake. the client transmits a SYN segment to the server, it responds with a SYN-ACK message, then the client confirms this by sending an ACK and establishes synchronized sequence numbers for tracking positions of byte

Q.5. Examine the differences between Symmetric Key Encryption (e.g., DES) and Public Key Encryption (e.g., RSA algorithm), and explain how Digital Signatures ensure data integrity and authentication. (10 Marks)

Ans 5.

Symmetric Key Encryption – DES

Symmetric key encryption employs the same secret code for both encryption and decryption. This is known as the Data Encryption Standard (DES) was developed by IBM and was adopted as the US Federal Standard at the time of its adoption in 1977 was the most popular symmetric cipher for over two decades. DES operates on 64-bit blocks of plaintext, using a 56-bit key. It uses 16 round substitution and permutation operations to produce 64-bit encrypted text. The

Q.6. Discuss the architecture of a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) system and explain how techniques like Network Address Translation (NAT) and Demilitarized Zones (DMZ) are used as security strategies in network management. (10 Marks)

Ans 6.

SNMP Architecture

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is the protocol of choice that monitors, directing, and configuring networks, including routers, printers, switches, servers as well as IoT devices via a central management station. SNMP runs on UDP (port 161 for agents, port 162 to trap receivers) and employs a manager agent design with three key components. Network Management Station (NMS) is the centralized software platform that runs on a dedicated server, periodically monitors managed devices to get status information, collects and analyzes