DCA6210 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE SEPTEMBER 2025

Description

SESSION	SEPTEMBER 2025
PROGRAM	MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (MCA)
SEMESTER	II
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA6210 & COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

 

 

SET-I

 

Q1.a) What are the different stages of evolution of Computer Architecture? Explain in detail. 5      

1. b) Briefly discuss the quantitative principles in computer design. 5

Ans 1.

(a) Evolution of Computer Architecture

The evolution of computer architecture reflects a long journey of technological progress, where the design of processors, memory systems, and input–output operations has changed along with advancements in electronic components. Each generation introduced new ideas to improve performance, reduce cost, and simplify programming. These stages mark how computers moved from mechanical devices to sophisticated multi-core processors used today.

Early Mechanical and Electromechanical Machines

The earliest stage includes devices such as the abacus, mechanical calculators, and electromechanical relay-based machines. Although they were far from modern computers, they

 

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Q2. Describe pipelining processing with the sequence of instructions in Pipelining and the types of pipelining. 10       

Ans 2.

Pipelining Processing, Sequence of Instructions, and Types of Pipelining

Pipelining is a fundamental performance enhancement technique in computer architecture that divides instruction execution into multiple stages. By overlapping these stages, the processor completes more instructions per unit time, increasing throughput without proportionally increasing clock frequency. This technique reflects the idea of an assembly line, where each stage performs part of a task simultaneously with other stages.

Concept of Pipelining Processing

Pipelining breaks the instruction cycle into distinct operations such as instruction fetch, decode,

 

 

Q3. How does the execution of instructions take place under dynamic scheduling with score boarding. 10   

Ans 3.

Execution of Instructions Under Dynamic Scheduling with Scoreboarding

Dynamic scheduling allows instructions to be executed out of order to improve CPU performance when dependencies or delays arise. The scoreboard mechanism, introduced in the CDC 6600 architecture, manages instruction flow dynamically by tracking hazards and resource availability. It enables parallel execution while preserving program correctness, making it a key technique in high-performance processor design.

Concept of Scoreboarding

Scoreboarding is a hardware-based control method that supervises the execution of all

 

 

SET-II

 

Q4. Describe the term addressing modes. List the different types of addressing modes

Ans 4.

Addressing Modes and Their Types

Addressing modes constitute one of the fundamental concepts in computer architecture because they determine how the processor identifies the location of an operand while executing an instruction. Every instruction in machine language consists of an operation code and one or more operands. The manner in which these operands are specified influences the efficiency, flexibility, and complexity of the program. Addressing modes allow programmers and compilers to write efficient code by providing multiple ways to reference memory and registers without altering the basic instruction format. They also serve as powerful mechanisms to support loops, pointer

 

 

Q5. a) Describe the Fine-Grained SIMD Architecture. Give a suitable example. 5       

1. b) What is the difference between isolated I/O and memory mapped I/O? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each 5

Ans 5.

(a) Fine-Grained SIMD Architecture

Fine-grained SIMD architecture refers to a processing model where a large number of small processing elements execute the same instruction simultaneously on different pieces of data. The architecture is designed to maximize parallelism for operations that require repetitive computations, especially in scientific and multimedia applications. Unlike coarser SIMD models, fine-grained SIMD systems consist of many simple and lightweight processors working in

 

 

Q6. Write short notes on:

1. a) Von Neumann- based multithreaded architectures
2. b) Dataflow architecture
3. c) Hybrid multithreaded architecture 10

Ans 6.

Short Notes on Advanced Architectures

(a) Von Neumann-Based Multithreaded Architectures

Von Neumann-based multithreaded architectures extend the traditional sequential execution model by allowing multiple threads to coexist within the same instruction-processing environment. The architecture still relies on the classical von Neumann cycle of fetch, decode, execute, and store, but introduces hardware features that enable fast switching between threads. This interleaving of thread execution improves CPU utilization, particularly when one thread experiences delays due to memory latency or data hazards. Instead of stalling, the processor